HINDUISM

1. JUDAISM HINDUISM BUDDHISM CONFUCIANISM TAOISM Early Religions

2. The Hebrews The Chosen People Monotheism Yahweh The Covenant Morals Faith ~1800bc (currently year 5764) Sheep herders outside Ur (“Dusty feet”) Worshipped only 1 god Created all things in nature but was more concerned with human behavior then forces of nature. Omnipotent – all powerful, could do everything Omniscient – knows all things. Hebrew name for God, “He who cannot be named” Created mankind in his image – but he does not have human behaviors. Created world in 6 days (Sabbath – 7th day of rest) and all things in it. The Hebrews would be God’s Chosen People as long as they followed his laws. Moral Law – Ethics – Taught people right vs wrong. Punishment based on spiritual beliefs. In exchange they would live in a Promised homeland of their own.

3. Messiah Protecting their Identity Abraham Jacob Moses All things are possible with God: if have faith- individuals are capable of achieving what ever they want if they work hard enough. When they didn’t they would be punished – Flood, Sodom etc When all Hebrews lived under Gods law – a messiah would come Messiah: Savior , would bring Heaven to Earth. Afterlife: Mysterious – accepted as an unknown Hebrew history is one of migration. Always forced to live amongst Non Hebrews Struggle to keep Culture pure – non assimilation Looking for own land to protect culture God tells him to take people from Ur to Canaan (modern day Israel) it will be theirs as long as they have Faith – keep their culture pure Leads from Canaan to Egypt to escape famine. Punished for losing Faith – enslaved. Exodus: God tells to take people out of Egypt – protect them from turning Egyptian but loses way for 40 years in desert. Homeland taken away for loss of Faith. Have to agree to new Covenant to get homeland back.

4. The Ten Commandments The Kingdom of Israel Civil War Babylon Return to Israel 10 moral laws to guide people. Worship no other, Covet neighbors property,steal, kill, honor parents, use Lords name in vain, adultery, false idols, observe Sabbath, false witness Marks first official Legit Home to self. Jerusalem – capital – center of their culture. Solomon – legitimize culture: Solomon’s Temple Judahs vs Israelites Fight 200 years – loss of Faith Assyrians Invade – Temple destroyed. Israelites genocide, Judahs deported to Babylon. Forced to live in Babylon throughout Chaldean rule. Struggle to keep traditions pure Synagogues: Secret meeting places where could practice faith Rabbis: Teachers who were responsible for teaching Hebrew children Dead Sea Scrolls: Laws written down to govern Hebrews while in Babylon. Daniel gets Nebuchadnezzer to release – return to Israel. Rebuild Temple of Solomon. Ezra writes down the 5 Books of Moses “Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuderotomy” first 5 books of “Old Testament”

5. Roman Occupation Diaspora Further Covenants Zionist Movement Live in Judea throughout Roman Empire – Romans persecute. Destroy 2nd Temple Most over time flee Judea and spread throughout Europe and in time to America. Often persecuted where went – by Christians. Never allowed to own land – so tradition of being involved in business and trade – not agriculture. In attempts to keep culture while mixed in with other cultures (they view themselves as the Chosen People) create 613 new covenants to resist assimilation into other cultures. Kashrut: Kosher Food – food purity laws Shevat: Sabbath – keep Sabbath day holy Bris: Circumcision – identification Early 20th century – movement to return to Jerusalem and Israel – which had been inhabited by Muslim group known as the Palestinians. Small settlements until after WWII holocaust when millions of Jews have been flooding back into Israel. United Nations divided area into two countries: Israel and Palestine. Two have been at war for last 50+ years.

6. Judaism Today 2 Branches Orthodox Secular Conservative Reconstructive Non Practicing Differ in beliefs about to what extent Jews should be allowed to assimilate with other cultures. 18% - Tend to segregate selves from other groups through rituals- stress purity. Non Jewish people wouldn’t be able to convert. Wouldn’t be able to marry into. View Holocaust as punishment for assimilating too much into western culture 82% - Subdivided into 3 groups : discourage assimilation – but not as strict as Orthodox – could marry into if perform correct ceremonies : Its OK to change to meet the times. : Are Jewish – but don’t really follow covenants. Its really fine to blend in with other cultures.

14. HINDUISM The Roots of Hinduism The Aryans The Dravidians A mixing of beliefs The Vedics The Bhagavad Gita The Ramayana Religious Structure Brahman ~ The One and Many The Passion Play • ~1500bc Nomadic cattle herders Aryans (related to Persians) migrate east into and beyond Indus River Valley. • Settle and start building cities • The native Indian people. • Aryans took them into their society as second class citizens. Aryan and Drav. Gradually mix old religions together to form new religion: Hinduism Example: Dravidians spirits of nature Aryans Indra God of War Cows become sacred Life is described as a dream that Brahma is having. Goes in phases Goes to sleep and everything is strange and being put together 2nd. All things work together – peaceful and harminous 3rd. Things start breaking apart - conflict among living things 4th. Chaos and destruction – very short Brahma wakes up and our world ends until he does it again Universal Energy – Everything in the Universe and everything that makes it work. So vast and complex can’t really describe it but they try Can be described as 1 god Also can be described as millions of gods, demons and spirits that control anything you can think of. Indra- Father of gods + War Ganesh – god of luck and happiness Village gods, etc. Epic poems that teach the lessons of Hinduism. Holy stories. Longest Poems in world.

15. The Trinity Brahma Shiva Vishnu Religious Purpose: Brahman Atman Moksha Reincarnation Karma Dharma The three most important gods to human life The creator – created life – but has little impact on human life and vice versa The Destroyer – not evil – recycles all life and energy – of good things and bad things The Protector – defends all humans. Will come to earth in 10 different forms. Hindu’s incorporate all other religions into him – he is Jesus, Mohammad, Buddha, etc. Universal energy – everything that makes everything do what it does. The little bit of Brahman every little thing contains. The more you have the higher up life form you are.Vegetables to animals to humans to gods The ultimate goal – to become Brahman – or everything in the universe You will be reborn endless amounts of time – until you achieve Moksha What you are reborn as depends on your amount of Atman The amount of Atman you lose or gain depending on your actions. You lose whatever atman you negatively impact on another living thing – gain what you positively impact What you are supposed to do with your life Everything from job in life to what supposed to eat

16. Your Dharma Rituals Asceticism The Caste System Aryan Creation The Castes Brahmins Chetriya Vaishyas Sudras + Untouchables Rules of the Caste System Various exercises and ceremonies that produce good karma like Yoga Deliberately living a simple life free of material needs to avoid bad karma Jainism – extreme asceticism Aryans created social ranking to keep Dravidians second class citizens. Priest class – very few – most powerful Warrior class and ruling class – includes royalty. Middle class – white collar jobs – doctors, lawyers, merchants Born into your caste – and must stay in it for life. Limit contact with other castes Can’t marry outside of caste Technically illegal after WWII – but socially still accepted Lowest classes – unskilled labor to homeless. Includes all non Hindu’s

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19. HOME Shiva The Destroyer

20. HOME VISHNU (THE PROTECTOR) and his carnations: The Horned Fish The Tortoise The Boar The Man Lion The Dwarf Parasurama Rama Krishna Buddha Kalkin- yet to come Krishna Rama

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25. BUDDHISM The Problem with Hindu Society Siddharta Guatama Enlightenment The Four Noble Truths The Eight Fold Path The Middle Way Chi Growth in Popularity and Spread Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism ~500bc – too many Sudra’s being kept miserable and suffering by rule of the Brahmins – due to beliefs Brahmins did little too help. Born in Nepal as a Brahmin. Lived sheltered comfortable childhood. As an adult sought a new answer to why some suffered while others didn’t. Fasted for years – finally found answer sitting under a tree. Found answer to his question Called “Buddha” or “The Enlightened One” Means some one who achieves a great understanding. CHART CHART The right way to follow the 8 Fold Path Live a life of moderation – avoid extremes Your inner energy (spirit, Atman) gives you ability to do what you do Can be grown and manipulated Original form, only follows teachings of original Buddha. The Lesser Vehicle – elitist – only a few can do it Focus on need to spend life in Meditation – Need to be monastic and isolated from society to achieve Nirvana. Not readily accessible to most of society. Mostly found in Southern Asia Northern Asia (China, Japan, Korea) The Greater Vehicle – more attainable Anyone can be a Buddha and add to the teachings. Highest rank of person is a Bodhisattvas – someone who gives up Nirvana to stay behind and teach the rest of us the way. Becomes very popular in India Asoka builds monasteries and sends teachers further east into China and Japan.

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27. HOME THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 1. LIFE IS SUFFERING 2. SUFFERING IS CAUSED BY DESIRE 3. THE END OF SUFFERING IS NIRVANA 4. NIRVANA IS REACHED BY FOLLOWING THE 8 FOLD PATH

28. HOME THE 8 FOLD PATH • VIEWS • RESOLVES • SPEECH • CONDUCT • EFFORT • LIVELIHOOD • RECOLLECTION • MEDITATION TO HAVE THE RIGHT:

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31. CONFUCIANISM China - The setting Pessimists Conservatives Reformers Kung Fu Tzu The Problem with Time Ritual, Ritual, Ritual The Five Relationships The Analects ~550bc. Zhou Dynasty China Constant War - Poverty – corrupt Rulers Things can’t be fixed – withdraw from society Things can’t be fixed so – become part of the problem. “Grand Master” Kung – Confucius Reformer – 550 bc. Philosopher who traveled from palace to palace trying to educate leaders in a new way of living. Not a religion – nothing to do with gods Things can be fixed – very dangerous – a lot of work Problem with life was time Present not good Past was good and could be learned from People bent on speeding into the future. Need to harmonize past with future to make present better. The approved social order that must be obeyed by strict rules. Superiors job to guide the inferior Inferiors job to overthrow the superior if they don’t do their job. Extremely sexist system – that still has implications on Human Rights in China today Reharmonize past with future by doing everything the exact same way everyday. Avoid suffering by doing same thing same way every time. CHART Books of sayings of Confucius written after his death. Teach what the right and wrong things are.

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35. HOME THE 5 RELATIONSHIPS SUPERIOR INFERIOR RULER RULED FATHER SON OLDER BROTHER YOUNGER BROTHER HUSBAND WIFE FRIEND FRIEND

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