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Origins of Exercise Physiology: Where Do We Come From?

Origins of Exercise Physiology: Where Do We Come From?. Earliest Development. Began in early Greece and biblical empires of David and Solomon History of training for “Games”,soldiers, worriers Glaudius Galenus (Galen-131-201 AD)

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Origins of Exercise Physiology: Where Do We Come From?

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  1. Origins of Exercise Physiology: Where Do We Come From?

  2. Earliest Development • Began in early Greece and biblical empires of David and Solomon • History of training for “Games”,soldiers, worriers • Glaudius Galenus (Galen-131-201 AD) • Galen’s Laws of Health [Breath fresh air, eat proper foods, drink the right beverages, exercise, get adequate sleep, have a daily bowel movement, control emotions] • Prolific writer,scientist, and physician to gladiators • Wrote about experiments with humans and animals

  3. Galen-to-Renaissance • Hieronymus Mercurialis • Italian physician wrote De arte Gymnastica apud ancientes [The Art of Gymnastics Among the Ancients, circa 1530] - showed the importance of Galen’s view of health and the importance of science in training and exercise • Physiology of training taught by “teachers”

  4. Early USA Experience • Prior to 1800 only 39- 1st edition American authored medical texts • First Medical School - Harvard, 1782 • First Medical Journal - 1797 • First American doctors were traveling health salesman (no formal requirements to practice medicine needed) • By middle of 19th century medical schools began to graduate students and the first medical certification established

  5. Austin Flint (1836-1915) American Physician-Scientist • 1866 published 5 classic textbooks (e.g., “The Physiology of Man”) that included many exercise physiology related topics • Flint was aware of what was happening in physiology and medicine worldwide: [Claude Bernard; Edward Pfulger; Antoine Lavoisier; William Beaumont (Ft. Mackinay, Mi); and Edward Hitchcock.

  6. The Hitchcock’s • Edward Hichcock, MD. Amherst College, professor and latter president • Edward Hitchcock, Jr, MD. Amherst College; Professor of Hygiene and PE in 1861 (first professor in Kinesiology) • Anatomy and Physiology text with emphasis on physiology of movement • Major studies of strength and physique of students • First major strength competition

  7. George Well Fitz, MD1860-1934 • Help create Dept. Anatomy, Physiology and Physical Training at Harvard in 1891-1899 • First formal exercise physiology class/lab • Formal coursework for the major included exercise physiology; zoology, human morphology, applied anatomy, medical chemistry, comparative anatomy, physics, physiology (in medical school) • 9 graduates- all became leaders in the movement to make PE a science (started programs in schools and YMCA)

  8. Post Harvart-to-1930 • By 1927 - 135 schools offered degree programs with PE emphasis [What happened to premed training?] • First doctoral programs at Columbia and NYU

  9. Harvard Fatigue Laboratory • 1927 in basement of business school • D.B. Dill first and only director • 20 year run - 352 papers, monographs, and book • Major influence because of the people who went on to major positions in the field

  10. Nordic Influence • Denmark • 1800 first European country to require physical training in school curriculum • J. Lindhard and A. Krogh (Nobel prize in physiology - mechanism for capillary control of blood flow) • E. Asmussen; E. Christensen; M. Nielson, the 3 Musketeers • Today - the August Krogh Institute

  11. Nordic Influence cont. • Sweden • Per Henrik Ling (1776-1839) - medical gymnastics that was incorporated into schools - many graduates came to USA to start programs Per-Olof Astrand (1922-) famous scientist who is still active today; Karolinska Institute B. Saltin; J. Bergstrom; E. Hultman

  12. Other Countries • A. V. Hill M. Karvonen • A. Lavoisier T.K. Cureton • J. Barcroft F.M. Henry • N. Bohr L. Rarick • N. Zunts P. Hunsinker • M. Rubner

  13. Major Contributions From Everywhere • What is exercise physiology today • Expansion of WWW • Fastest growing field [link to health and medicine] • Are we coming back to Harvard experience?

  14. Professional Organizations • AAHPERD - 1885 • ACSM - 1954 • ICSSPE - 1958 • FIMS - 1928 • Should you join? What are the benefits?

  15. A Common Link • Mentoring process • Understanding of human movement • Commitment to field • Love of science • Are you ready?

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