SESAME WP3 Data Collection for Model Definition and Validation in Sub-regional Seas Emin Özsoy

1. SESAME WP3 Data Collection for Model Definition and Validation in Sub-regional Seas Emin Özsoy IMS-METU Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey ozsoy@ims.metu.edu.tr

2. Objectives • To provide new physical and biogeochemical data and to extend existing continuous • measurements of selected parameters and processes defining the basic structure of • shelf ecosystems and straits, to characterize the forcing, and to analyze the contemporary • states and temporal changes of these systems. • To determine life cycle and growth rates of zooplankton target species required in the • pelagic ecosystem models an estimate of the vertical flux of elements in the upper water column. • To analyze the response of shelf ecosystems, in terms of function, biodiversity and • food web structure, to river runoff, mixing / circulation and exchanges with the deep sea. • To investigate water masses exchange and transport of materials and the interactions • within the pelagic food web (phytoplankton, bacteria, nano-flagellates, micro • and meso-zooplankton) and the environmental components controlling their dynamics • along the gradient zone of the straits. • To determine mechanisms for cycling, export and sequestration of carbon at sub-basin scale, • with respect to air-sea CO2 exchange, organic carbon fluxes (production, degradation • and export) and atmospheric inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus.

3. Project Meetings:  Kick-off Meeting, Athens, GREECE, 29/11/2006 to 01/12/2006 All partners  WP-2 and WP-3 joint coordination meeting, La Spezia, ITALY, 7-8 June 2007 All partners  Project Annual Meeting, Bucharest, ROMANIA, 1 November 2007 All partners  WP-2 and WP-3 joint coordination meeting, Bucharest, ROMANIA, 1 November 2007 All partners  38th CIESM Congress, Istanbul, TURKEY. 09/04/2007 to 13/04/2007 Wednesday, 11 April: "Mediterranean and Black sea Ecosystem changes: Past, Present and Future"

4. Project Sesame WP3 sub-domains: 4 shelf areas: NWMed, NEMed, NWBS, NEBS 3 straits : Gibraltar/Alboran, Sicily, Turkish Straits System

5. Shelf areas of Mediterranean and Black Seas

6. Mediterranean PP Climatology 1998-2005 Black Sea chl gC m-2 yr-1

7. Continental Shelf Pump The continental shelf pump is a mechanism transporting dissolved or particulate carbon from shallow continental shelf waters to the interior of the adjacent deep ocean. * cooling / convection restricted to the shallow continental shelf leads to the production of relatively denser water on the shelf compared to neighbouring open ocean * the cooler waters promote the solubility pump and lead to an increased storage of dissolved inorganic carbon * this extra carbon storage is augmented by the increased biological production characteristic of shelves (e.g. Wollast, 1998) * the dense, carbon-rich shelf waters sink to the shelf floor and enter the sub-surface layer of the open ocean via isopycnal mixing

8. Compare catchment areas of Mediterranean and Black Seas: Mediterranean: north side: very narrow, but mountain sources abundant, south side: even narrower and dryer, with the exception of the Nile, which is now intercepted by Aswan high dam. Black Sea: large catchment, with major rivers such as the Danube draining about one half of Europe. SIGNIFICANT MODIFICATIONS MAY BE EXPECTED ACCORDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS: north becoming wetter, south becoming dryer. Thickness of lines show relative size of river discharge

9. change in climateemed region

10. NW Mediterranean Shelf

11. NW Mediterranean ShelfCNRS-Vil-LOV StemmannS3.1.1 Plankton productivity processes and biomass distribution in the NW Mediterranean Shelf: • Data collected or compiled by the CNRS-LOV. 1) Based on time series measurements carried out at the DYFAMED site off Nice (monthly) and at point B of the SOMLIT network, off Villefranche sur Mer (weekly) , the following have been measured or derived: (a) primary and bacterial production (only in 2002-2004 at point B and from 1993 to 1999 at DYFAMED), (b) 0-100 m zooplankton biomass, (c) estimates of particulate stock and flux derived from the UVP technic, (d) nutrients, POC, PON (e) bacterial biomass and estimate of diversity (2005-2006 at DYFAMED and from 2002 at Point B), (f) turbidity, (g) fluorescence, (h) chlorophyll a, (i) viral abundance from 2002 (Point B) and 2005-2006 (Dyfamed) 2) Based on 2007 cruises (POTES off Marseilles and BOUSSOLE off Nice), the following have been measured or derived: (a) 0-100 m zooplankton biomass, (b) estimates of particulate stock and flux derived from the UVP technic, (c) bacterial biomass and activity and , (d turbidity, (e)fluorescence, (f)chlorophyll a 3) A database on the zooplankton in the NW Mediterranean Sea (Ligurian Sea since 1966) and a second one on the marine particle distribution in the NW Mediterranean Sea (since 1991) associated with the available information on the sediment trap data 200 and 1000 m depth) and phytoplankton pigment has been constructed. Cruises participated in 2007: 1)POTES Gulf of Lion (10 days), May 2007, UVP, CTD, drifting sed traps 2) OIM cruise in Ligurian Sea (2 days), CTD, UVP Planned cruise in 2008 1) POTES, April 2008 (10 days), Gulf of Lion off Marseille 2) POB, March 2008 (6 days), East Gulf of Lion off Banyuls 3) BOUM cruise 2008 (east-west transect in the whole bassin). Time series 1) Point B of SOMLIT network, off Villefranche (weekly sampling) 2) BOUSSOLE monthly cruises Ligurian Sea DYFAMED site, CTD-rosette, UVP

12. NW Mediterranean ShelfCNRS-Mar-LOB CarlottiS3.1.1 Plankton productivity processes and biomass distribution in the NW Mediterranean Shelf: • Zooplankton vital rates (egg production and growth) • based on simultaneous measurements of • ingestion, respiration, excretion, faecal pellet production, • egg production under different food types • (e,g, phyto and microzooplankton, detritus) • and levels. • Meetings participated: • - 5-8 December 2006, Athens, Protocol meeting CNRS-LOB-HCMR • - 25-27 May 2007, Athens, Informal meeting: I. Sioukou-Frangou • - 28 May – 1 June, 2007, Hiroshima, Japan: C. Frangoulis • Suggestion for minimum requirements for sampling of zooplankton • during the SESAME cruises. • - October, 2007, Endoume Marseille, France: T. Moutin • Pre-cruise meeting BOUM, Presentation on the strategy of • zooplankton sampling and process studies during the BOUM cruise. Plans: Lab experiments during selected time periods. Key species will be dominant copepods of the coastal Marseilles station and Mnemiopsis individuals from the eutrophicated ang de Berre lagoon 1 yr: sampling done at SOMLIT Station, continuing

13. NW Mediterranean ShelfCNRS-Ban Gremare, CNRS-Per Heussner, UB CanalsS3.1.2 Integrated survey of river-ocean C transfer and impact on the Gulf of Lions ecosystems: • the near shore (27m depth) is weekly monitored • since 1997 for O2, pH, nutrients, POC; • PON, chlorophyll, CTD • the mid shelf station (95m depth) was monitored • weekly in 2005 to document dense • water formation and particulate export. • the continental slope station (800m depth) was • monitored monthly since 2003 and will be • equipped with an instrumented platform in April 2006. Monitoring of physical and biogeochemical variables through a section from the continental shelf to the slope in the Gulf of Lion - a suite of 3 stations located eastward the Banyuls marine Observatory. Complementarity to DYFAMED station located offshore of Nice to yield comprehensive carbon budget in Mediterranean Sea.

14. Eastern Mediterranean ShelfIMS-METUZahit Uysal, AEGEAN Gogou, CNR-IRSA PudduS3.2.1 Hydrography, nutrients, plankton productivity processes and biomass distribution in the Cilician Basin: CTD, ADCP, nutrients, DO, plankton, Chl-a, POM and DOM, Primary production (PP, particulate and dissolved), bacterial production (BCP), total and bacterial respiration, chl-a bacterial abundance and biovolume (bacterial biomass) and chemical data R/V BİLİM

15. Eastern Mediterranean ShelfIOLR KressS3.2.2 Monitoring Haifa Section: Seasonal cruises along a transect from the Israeli shelf to the continental rise, measuring physical, hydrochemical variables and chlorophyll six seasonal cruises Haifa transect - 6stations temperature, salinity, DO, chl-a, nutrients, DOP

16. Eastern Mediterranean ShelfCNSM-Leb Abi Saab, CNRS-Vil-LOV Niewiadomska temperature, salinity, nutrients, chl-a, phytoplankton, microzooplankton oxygen, chl-a, CDOM, upwelling radiance, downwelling irradiance, backscatter in red, green and blue wavelengths Discrete sampling along transects and profiles with a fishing boat Continuous profiling with bio-optical glider ~100Km of coastline from 3km near shore outwards to 10km. Sampling during two weeks up to a depth of 250m.

17. Western Black Sea shelf NIMRD Radu Mihnea, IOBAS Moncheva, IBSS Tokarev, HCMR KaberiS3.3.1 Plankton and benthic data collection : Secchi disk, temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, chl-a, phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrozoobenthos CTD, plankton, benthic and fish biomass Dissolved ΣCO2 ,Si, Biogenic Si and Organic C in sediment samples. 7Be and 210Pb in sediment samples Sedimentary fluxes Chernobyl - activity ratios of 134Cs/137Cs, 238Pu/239+240Pu, 137Cs/239+240Pu and 137Cs/241Am R/V Akademik R/V Aegao - oct 2007 R/V Steaua de Mare 1 transect

18. North eastern Black Sea shelfSIO-RAS Elena Araskevich,HCMR Giannakourou, UOP G. ShapiroS3.4.1 Hydrography, nutrients, plankton biomass in the NE shelf: R/V Akvanaut CTD, DO, fluorescence, beam attenuation, chl-a bacteria, phyto- and zoo-plankton, gelatinous and ichtyoplankton, PON, POC, H2S, alkalinity, pH, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia Ciliate abundance, biomass and trophic modes Hydrophysical dynamics

20. North eastern Black Sea shelfSSC GolubevaS3.4.2 Pelagic and benthic species Identification: Abundance and species composition of pelagic and benthic fish based on commercial catches

21. Gibraltar Strait and Alboran Sea exchange CSICTintoreS3.5.1 Gibraltar Strait and Alboran Sea Glider surveys north-south cross section in Eastern Alboran Sea (possible addition of Cadiz section) upper 200 m quasi continuous data collection every 20 days. Glider sampling initial plan: start Jan 2008 • From Cartagena to Oran • Cycles the upper 1000 m • (experience so far with 200 m one-MAYA-, to be extended in next months to use the deep glider)‏ • Communications: Iridium satellite • Autonomy: 30 days • Sampling speed: order of 0,5 knots • Sensors: T, S, O2, Fluorescence • Downward casts: every 1,5 km http://www.webbresearch.com/electric_glider.htm Other tasks to be carried out: - Gibraltar Strait inflow background • Alborán Sea dynamics background and glider interaction flows • Simulation of glider mission in Eastern Alboran

22. Gibraltar Strait and Alboran Sea exchange CSICTintoreS3.5.1 Gibraltar Strait and Alboran Sea Glider surveys Glider tests in Balearic Area in preparation for Alborán 2008 - SESAME 1st sampling: 6-13 July 2007 2nd sampling: 14-17 September 2007

23. Currentmeter moorings CTD stations Sicily Strait exchange CNR-ISMAR Gasparini, INSTM Sammari, CNR-IAMC, ENEA-CLIM-MAR Delfanti, CNR-ISAC SantoleriS3.6.1 Current measurements :S.3.6.2 Hydrographic measurements :S3.6.3 Satellite data : Current velocity, temperature, CTD, nutrients, DO, chl-a, phytoplankton, zooplankton, ichtyoplankton Radiotracers SSH, SST and ocean colour

24. Turkish Straits System and northern Aegean Sea exchangeIMS-METU Özsoy, HCMR Psarra, AEGEAN Gogou, MARE-ULG Borges, ENEA-CLIM-MAR Delfanti, ULCO ChristakiS.3.7.1 Turkish Straits System and North Aegean Sea measurements: R/V Bilim R/V Aegeao CTD, ADCP, DO, nutrients, chl-a, phyto and zooplankton size fractioned chlorophyll, oxygen, primary production phytoplankton community structure, bacteria biomass, protozoa, mesozooplankton biomass and production DOM, POM, pCO2, total alkalinity (TA), pH, dissolved inorganic carbon, (DIC), radiotracers, 137Cs Bacterial production, absorption and backscattering and spectral dependence due to phytoplankton, dissolved and particulate colored detrital material, particles and POC

25. Turkish Straits System May 2007 cruise

26. Turkish Straits System and northern Aegean Sea exchangeAEGEAN, Zervakis,IMS-METU ÖzsoyS.3.7.2 Mixing assessment from CTD and ADCP data: High frequency sampling of CTD and ADCP data Mixing calculations, analyses of data from CTD and ADCP

27. Turkish Straits System and northern Aegean Sea exchangeHCMR ChristouS.3.7.3 Laboratory experiments to parameterise vital rates of key plankton organisms: Field and lab experiments during selected time periods Growth and grazing rates of key phytoplankton organisms, protozoa and mesozooplankton Phytoplankton key species were isolated and efforts to establish cultured strains of these species are ongoing. First trial experiments have been done for measurement of egg production and grazing rate of the copepod Paracalanus parvus under natural food conditions. Additional experiments for other plankton organisms vital rates are planned for 2008. • Frangoulis C., Christou E.D., Zervoudaki S., Siokou-Frangou I. (2007) Carbon specific metabolic rates from zooplankton species and groups obtained in the Eastern Mediterranean. International symposium on Parameterisation of trophic interactions in ecosystem modelling. 20-23 March 2007. Cadiz, Spain. • Frangoulis C., Carlotti F., Eisenhauer L., Zervoudaki S. Converting copepod vital rates in units appropriate for biogeochemical models. Submitted to Progress in Oceanography.

28. Carbon sequestration and air-sea exchange ULg/MARE Borges, IMS-METU Tuğrul, HCMR SouvermezoglouS.3.8.1 Air Sea Exchange of CO2: R/V BİLİM Continuous transect starting from the Cilician Basin, Levantine Basin, Aegean Sea, Turkish Straits System and Black Sea, at strategically placed stations pCO2, total alkalinity TA dissolved inorganic carbon DIC, CTD, ADCP, pH, POM, DOM

29. Carbon sequestration and air-sea exchange Catherine Goyet, Franck TouratierS.3.8.1 Air Sea Exchange of CO2:

30. Carbon sequestration and air-sea exchange CNR-IRSA Zoppini, AEGEAN Gogou, IMS-METU UysalS3.8.2 Carbon uptake and release by water column processes: R/V ERDEMLİ in situ incubations in two sites inside the Cilician Basin in front of Erdemli, at about 10km (eutrophic waters) and 15km (oligotrophic waters) from the coast, at various dephts, through the entire water column. A preliminary survey in autumn 2007 Two surveys in 2008 primary and bacterial production, total and bacterial respiration, bacterial biomass and diversity, DOC, DON, DOP, Phytoplankton, cholorophyll and bacteria, CTD, DO and nutrients

31. Carbon sequestration and air-sea exchangeUOC Mihalopoulos, IMS-METU KoçakS3.8.3 Atmospheric deposition of DIN and DIP: Atmospheric DIN, DIP measurements on board the R/V BİLİM and stations at Erdeml, Crete and north Aegean • Erdemli (Cilician basin) sample collection for DIN (NO3, NH4), DIP as well as for dissolved organic N and P (DON and DOP) and tracers of pollution and terrigenic sources. • - Intensive sampling campaign (during a month period, October 2007) with daily samples at three locations in the Eastern Mediterranean (Erdemli (TR), Finokalia (GR) and Haifa (IS)) to study the spatial variability within the basin. • - Continuation of the sampling in the western Mediterranean (Corsica as representative of the gulf of Lion and efforts to perform sampling at another one site in the Western Basin, Perpignan, France). • - additional sampling in Gökçeada close to the Turkish Straits

32. Deliverables D3.1.1 - (T30) Preliminary data analysis report on plankton productivity processes and biomass distribution in the NW Mediterranean Shelf [L. Stemmann-CNRS-LOV] D3.1.2 - (T24) Preliminary data analysis report on Integrated survey of river-ocean C transfer and impact on the Gulf of Lions ecosystems [M. Pujo-Pay-CNRS-LOBB] D3.2.1 - (T16) Review report on the collected data from the E. Mediterranean shelf ecosystems (Cilician Basin and the Levant coast) [E. Ozsoy-IMS-METU] D3.2.2 - (T30) Preliminary data analysis report on hydrography, nutrients, plankton productivity processes and biomass distribution (Cilician Basin) [Zahit Uysal-IMS-METU] D3.2.3 - (T30) Preliminary data analysis report on monitoring Haifa Section [N. Kress-IOLR] D3.2.4 - (T26) Preliminary data analysis report on high resolution glider surveys of physical / biochemical processes at the Levant coast [M. Abi Saab CNRSL-CNSM]

33. D3.3.1 - (T16) Preliminary report on plankton, benthos, nutrient and C benthic fluxes in the NW Black Sea [R. Mihnea-NIMRD; S. Moncheva-IO BAS; H. Kaberi-HCMR; Y.Tokatev-IBSS] D3.3.2 - (T30) Preliminary data analysis report on plankton, benthos, nutrient and C benthic fluxes in the NWBlack Sea shelf ecosystem [R. Mihnea-NIMRD; S. Moncheva-IO BAS; H. Kaberi- HCMR; Y.Tokarev-IBSS] D3.4.1 - (T18) Preliminary report on collected data on hydrography, nutrients, plankton biomass [E. Araskevich-SIO RAS] and pelagic and benthic fish [N. Golubeva-SSC RAS] from the NE Black Sea shelf D3.4.2 - (T30) Preliminary data analysis report on hydrography, nutrients, plankton biomass [E. Araskevich-SIO RAS] and pelagic and benthic species identification [N. Golubeva-SSC RAS] from the NE Black Sea shelf D3.5.1 - (T16) Review report on exchanges at Gibraltar Strait and Alboran Sea Glider surveys [J. Tintore-CSIC] D3.6.1 - (T16) Review report on exchanges at Sicily Strait in terms of current measurements [G-P. Gasparini-CNR-ISMAR], hydrographic measurements [C. Sammari-INSTM] and satellite data [R. Santoleri-CNR-ISAC] D3.6.2 - (T30) Preliminary data analysis report on current measurements [G-P. Gasparini-CNR- ISMAR], hydrographic measurements [C. Sammari-INSTM] and satellite data [R. Santoleri- CNR-ISAC] at Sicily Strait

34. D3.7.1 - (T16) Review report on in the Turkish Straits System D3.7.2 - (T30) Preliminary report on collected data and data analysis (hydrography, chemical and biological data) from the Turkish Straits System and the North Aegean Sea [E. Ozsoy-IMS- METU; S. Psarra-HCMR] D3.7.3 - (T26) Preliminary data analysis report on mixing assessment from CTD and ADCP measurements in the TSS [V. Zervakis-AEGEAN] D3.7.4 - (T26) Preliminary data analysis report on laboratory experiments to parameterize vital rates of key plankton organisms [N. Christou-HCMR] D3.8.1 - (T18) Review report on preliminary estimates of air-sea CO2 exchange in the SES [A. Borges- ULg] D3.8.2 - (T30) Preliminary data analysis report on air sea exchange of CO2 [A. Borges-ULg] D3.8.3 - (T30) Preliminary data analysis report on carbon uptake and release by water column processes [A. Zoppini-CNR-IRSA] D3.8.4 - (T26) Preliminary data analysis report on atmospheric deposition of DIN and DIP for model definition and validation in sub-regional seas [N. Mihalopoulos-UoC]

35. Milestones and expected results WP3_M4 - (T27): Completion of shelf ecosystems and straits exchange experiments WP3_M5 - (T28): Joint meeting with WP2 for inter-communications of regional syntheses

36. Cruises 2007: • IMS_METU Turkish Straits / 2-5 May 2007 / R/V BİLİM/ Ali Cemal Gücü • 39 stations • IMS-METU Cilician Basin / November 2007 / R/V BİLİM/ Zahit Uysal - Anna Maria Zoppini • (7 other cruises based on other work tat will be interpreted for SESAME) • IO-BAS Galata Transect / October 2007 / R/V AKADEMIK / 9 stations SIO RAS Gelincik section / motor-boat Ashamba / Andrey Skirta 6 stations (March, July, October 2007) Italy / INSTM - Sicily strait cruise - October 2007 IOLR Haifa section - February 2007 (additional data from April, July, September 2007 from other work that will be interpreted for SESAME) HCMR October 2007 Black Sea Cruise

37. Problems: • - carbon sequestration studies - eastern med covered by both atmospheric and ocean measurements western mediterranean - how to integrate existing (?) measurements ? - wp3 organised on ‘voluntary’ basis as each region is separate in their specifics, and it is assumed each partner knows its region best - integration with other WP’s especially between WP3 and WP4/5/6, but also with WP1/2 - to get timely information from partners on plans, problems, results - integration of individual studies together to make a whole