1 / 58

Historical note on the study of exotic nuclei and an outlook to the future

Historical note on the study of exotic nuclei and an outlook to the future. Mark Huyse K.U.Leuven. What to expect?. Focus on experimental advances in the development of this field (my excuses for the colleagues in theory) (a bit more focus on ISOL than on IF) - production of exotic nuclei

garan
Download Presentation

Historical note on the study of exotic nuclei and an outlook to the future

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Historical note on the study of exotic nuclei and an outlook to the future Mark Huyse K.U.Leuven Mark Huyse

  2. What to expect? Focus on experimental advances in the development of this field (my excuses for the colleagues in theory) (a bit more focus on ISOL than on IF) - production of exotic nuclei - yield - selectivity - production of ion beams - ion optical quality - speed of the process - purity - experiments with radioactive ion beams Outlook to the next decade Mark Huyse

  3. The exploration of the chart of nuclei 284 isotopes with T1/2 > 109 year Our beams till 1989 ! Mark Huyse

  4. The exploration of the chart of nuclei 75 yearsago <1940 495 4He+10B => 13N+n Mark Huyse

  5. The exploration of the chart of nuclei Reactors: n on U <1940 1940 495 822 Mark Huyse

  6. The exploration of the chart of nuclei The birth of the ISOL technique <1940 1940 1950 495 822 1244 Mark Huyse

  7. First Isotope Separator On Line (ISOL) experiment Niels Bohr Institute 1951 p-to-n converter (Be) + n moderator (wax)‏ UO2 (10 kg) + baking powder O. Kofoed-Hansen and K. O. Nielsen The separator 90Kr 33 s The cyclotron All ISOL ingredients are there! Mark Huyse

  8. ISOLDE Mark Huyse

  9. The exploration of the chart of nuclei Selective detection method:  decay <1940 1940 1950 1960 495 822 1244 1515 Mark Huyse

  10. The exploration of the chart of nuclei Light-ion induced spallation Heavy-ion induced fusion <1940 1940 1950 1960 1970 495 822 1244 1515 2010 Mark Huyse

  11. The seventies The birth of many ISOL facilities at syncrocyclotrons: CERN (ISOLDE2) at synchrotrons: CERN (at the PS) at reactors: Brookhaven (TRISTAN), Studsvik (OSIRIS), Mainz, Kyoto at cyclotrons: Louvain-la-Neuve (LISOL), Jyvaskyla (IGISOL), OakRidge (UNISOR), Stockholm (PINGIS), Sendai, Berkeley at LINAC's: Darmstadt at Tandems: Orsay (ISOCELE), Chalk River Mark Huyse

  12. A new separation method Graphite reactor In-flight separators around 1980 at reactors: Mainz (JOZEF), Grenoble (LOHENGRIN), Brookhaven at cyclotrons: OakRidge, Michigan at LINAC's: Darmstadt (SHIP) Superheavies at Tandems: Daresbury, Rochester, Munich Mark Huyse

  13. The exploration of the chart of nuclei Projectile and target fragmentation + In-flight separation <1940 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 495 822 1244 1515 2010 2270 Mark Huyse

  14. High-energy heavy ions IsaoTanihata at the NuSTAR meeting, 2009 Mark Huyse

  15. A new production method IsaoTanihata at the NuSTAR meeting, 2009 Mark Huyse

  16. A new purification method (bis) The WEDGE Mark Huyse

  17. Reactions with radioactive nuclei Mark Huyse

  18. Post acceleration of ISOL beams Hot CNO burningcycle Mark Huyse

  19. Reactions with secondary beams Mark Huyse

  20. Target Ion Source Systems - able to withstand the highest beam intensities - fast release - chemical selective in the different processes where possible - diffusion in and out the target - transfer line towards ion source - ion source Mark Huyse

  21. Selective laser ionization Mark Huyse

  22. Improving the ion-optical properties End plate V Emittance: 252-4 mm.mrad Bunching ISCOOL He buffer gas Energy spread: 51-2 eV z Mark Huyse

  23. The difficult part in post acceleration From 50 keV 1+ beams to ~ 0.1 MeV/amu beams Charge breeding 1+ ==> n+ Slow electrons Fast ions MI Stripper foil + + + + + + Fast electrons Slow ions ECR plasma MI + + + Slow ions Fast electrons EBIS beam MI + + + + + + + + + + + + Fredereik Wenander at EMIS 2007 Mark Huyse

  24. The REX-ISOLDE solution • REXEBIS • Charge-state breeding • Breeding time 3 to >200 ms • A/q < 4.5 Mass separator Select the correct A/q and separate the radioactive ions from the residual gases. ISOLDE ISOLDE beam Primarytarget 7-GAP RESONATORS 9-GAP RESONATOR High energydriver beam protons IH RFQ Rebuncher 60 keV 0.3 MeV/u 3.0 MeV/u 2.2 MeV/u 1.2 MeV/u Experiments • REXTRAP • Cooling • Bunching Linac Duty cycle 1ms 100Hz (10%) Energy 300 keV/u, 1.2-3MeV/u A/q max. 4.5 (2.2MeV/u), 3.5 (3MeV/u) Total efficiency : 1 -10 % • Unique and universal charge-state breeding scheme for radioactive ion beams • Originally aimed for isotopes with A<40 now up to the heaviest isotopes produced Mark Huyse

  25. Experimental techniques Mark Huyse

  26. Laser spectroscopy seelecture of W. Nortershauser Such measurements fix single-particle as well as collective nuclear properties in a model-independent way http://www.gsi.de/forschung/ap/projects/laser/survey.html Mark Huyse

  27. Trapping radioactive ions Penning trap: Static electric quadrupole + magnetic field 3 harmonic oscillations Mark Huyse

  28. Traps spreading all over the world Mark Huyse

  29. Combining experimental techniques  (6–) state = gs 101(3) keV Unambiguous state assignment!  (3–) state = 1.is ME of ground state is 240 keV higher than literature value! Excellent agreement with decay studies. 242(3) keV with cleaning of 6– state R  1·10-7  1+ state = 2.is     Intensity ratio: 16% 80% 4%  normalized to the area  Mark Huyse

  30. Post acceleration of isomeric beams Mark Huyse

  31. Targets for secondary beam experiments - radioactive targets 3H for transfer reactions - high-density gas targets 4He for a capture reactions - polarized targets transfer reactions - active targets 11,9Li Maya Triumf 11Li beam Mark Huyse

  32. Detection techniques Mark Huyse

  33. Recoil-decay tagging Mark Huyse

  34. Rare decays Mark Huyse

  35. On-line emission channeling experiments U. Wahl at the ISOLDE Workshop December 2007 Mark Huyse

  36. Digital Signal Processing 3.1 ms Also crucial for Ge detectors ==> Doppler corrections Mark Huyse

  37. Combining different techniques • Combine the sensitivity of the Resonant Ionization Laser Ion Source technique with the superior resolution of the Collinear Laser Spectroscopy technique. • To measure for the first time cases with yields of only 1 atom per second. • ISCOOL is essential to realize this project, by providing bunched ions beams • Decay spectroscopy on very pure sources • Similar approaches behind ion traps (Jyvaskyla, ISOLDE, ...) Mark Huyse

  38. In Flight (IF) Isotope Separator On Line (ISOL) driver accelerator or reactor • heavy ions • fusion • fission • fragmentation • light and heavy ions, n, e • -spallation • -fission • fusion • fragmentation thin target high-temperature thick target ion source fragment separator gas cell mass separator ~ ms storage ring post accelerator GeV eventually slowed down ms • experiment • detectors • spectrometers • ... meV to 100 MeV/u ms to several s good beam quality Mark Huyse

  39. Gas catchers Iain Moore Mark Huyse

  40. Gas catchers: basic principles SPIG electrode Target Extractor Beam • Based on the survival of primary • ions in helium buffer gas • Charge state concentration: (0), +1 (+2) • Fast gas flow required to prevent • neutralization • Produces ions of any element J. Äystö, Nucl. Phys. A 693 (2001) 477 More advanced gas catchers • dc fields • rf carpets, funnels and walls • cryogenic temperatures • selective laser ionization • molecular formation • space charge, recombination ANL/GSI gas catcher Mark Huyse

  41. Gas catchers: intensity limited? 1 26 MeV Ni ion stopped in Ar creates ~106 ion/electron pairs Intensity limitations of a gas cell for stopping, storing and guiding of radioactive ions • M. Huyse et al., NIMB 187 (2002) 535-547 58Ni: M. Facina et al., NIM B 226 (2004) 401 8Li: A. Takamine et al., Rev Sci. Instrum. 76 (2005) 103503 38Ca: L. Weismann et al., NIM A 540 (2005) 245 107Ag: J.B. Neumayr et al., NIM B 244 (2006) 489 Iain Moore Mark Huyse

  42. Resonant laser ionization in gas cells Sextupole Ion Guide Exit hole Target Cyclotron beam Ar/He from gas purifier Filament Laser beams LISOL gas cell 65Cu 63Cu 59Cu 57Cu: 6 ions/s Frequency [GHz] Mark Huyse

  43. In Flight (IF) Isotope Separator On Line (ISOL) driver accelerator or reactor • heavy ions • fusion • fission • fragmentation • light and heavy ions, n, e • -spallation • -fission • fusion • fragmentation thin target high-temperature thick target ISOL and IF techniques can now be found combined in many of the new or upgrade proposals groundstate and decay reactions ion source fragment separator gas cell mass separator ~ ms storage ring post accelerator GeV eventually slowed down ms • experiment • detectors • spectrometers • ... meV to 100 MeV/u ms to several s good beam quality Mark Huyse

  44. In-Flight facilities Mark Huyse

  45. FAIR Mark Huyse

  46. RIKEN Mark Huyse

  47. F RIB Mark Huyse

  48. The present European ISOL scene JYFL, IGISOL k=130 cyclotron Thin target + gas cell LLN 30 MeV p + k=110 cyclotron Solid and liquid targets ECR LLN, LISOL k=110 cyclotron Thin target + gas cell Laser ionization ALTO Electron driver Solid target Surface GANIL, SPIRAL Heavy Ions, k=265 CIME Solid targets ECR (gaseous elements) CERN, ISOLDE 1.4 GeV p; 3 MeV/A LINAC Solid and liquid targets Surface, ECR, FEBIAD, Laser Catania, EXCYT SC cyclotron + 15 MV tandem Solid target Surface, plasma CAARI-2008 Mark Huyse

  49. World overview of ISOL-based facilities So far 63 radioactive isotopes of 24 elements Mark Huyse

  50. HIE ISOLDE 1.2 MeV/u 3 MeV/u 5.5 MeV/u 8 MeV/u 10 MeV/u Mark Huyse

More Related