Review

1. Review Earth Systems They are all connected….. http://www.clker.com

2. Earth Systems The __________???_________ is composed of all of the water on or near the earth. This includes the oceans, rivers, lakes, and even the moisture in the air. Ninety-seven percent of the earth's water is in the oceans. The remaining three percent is fresh water; three-quarters of the fresh water is solid and exists in ice sheets http://serc.carleton.edu

3. Mt. Saint Helen’s …an active volcano in Washington state. It  is most notorious for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980. Fifty-seven people were killed during the eruption. A massive landslide triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale caused an eruption that reduced the elevation of the mountain's summit from (2,950 m) to (2,550 m), replacing it with a 1 mile (1.6 km) wide horseshoe-shaped crater. What was the interaction between the geosphere and biosphere in this event? http://en.wikipedia.org

4. Mt. Saint Helen’s The volcano released a large amount of dust and ash into the atmosphere.  These particles serve as nuclei for the formation of rain drops.  ? -> atmosphere -> ? What systems were interacting? http://en.wikipedia.org

5. Mt. Saint Helen’s Rainfall often increases following an eruption, stimulating plant growth What systems are interacting? http://en.wikipedia.org

6. Mt. Saint Helen’s Volcanoes may release a substantial amount of hot lava, which causes mountain glaciers to melt. What systems are interacting? http://en.wikipedia.org

7. Mt. Saint Helen’s Mudflows and flooding may occur downstream from volcanoes and may inundate streamside communities. What systems were interacting? http://en.wikipedia.org

8. Earth Systems The ________???_________ is the solid, rocky crust covering entire planet. This crust is inorganic and is composed of minerals. It covers the entire surface of the earth from the top of Mount Everest to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. http://serc.carleton.edu

9. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill  …  occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989 when the ship ran aground  spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of crude oil in Alaska.  Immediate effects included the deaths of seabirds,  sea otters, 12 river otters,  harbor seals, Bald Eagles, and  orcas,. The effects of the spill continued to be felt for many years afterwards. As of 2010 there were an estimated 23,000 US gallons of Valdez crude oil still in Alaska's sand and soil. What interactions occurred between this event and Earth systems? http://commons.wikimedia.org

10. Chernobyl … was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986  in Ukraine. An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, which spread over much of the western USSR and Europe. Contamination from the Chernobyl accident was scattered irregularly depending on weather conditions, much of it deposited on mountainous regions such as the Alps, the Welsh mountains and the Scottish Highlands where radioactive rainfall occurred. What Earth system interaction played a large part in the movement of the contamination? http://www.npr.org

11. Earth Systems The _______???________ is composed of all living organisms. Plants, animals, and one-celled organisms are all part of the biosphere. Most of the planet's life is found from three meters below the ground to thirty meters above it and in the top 200 meters of the oceans and seas. http://serc.carleton.edu

12. Earthquake in Haiti The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a catastrophic magnitude 7.0 M earthquake. The earthquake destroyed many poorly constructed buildings, causing high levels of debris to end up in the waterways. Also, earthquakes heavily effect forestation and open closed fault lines, further contributing to the soil erosion problems which the country already has trouble dealing with. The sudden rise in debris, soil erosion issues, and opening fault lines affect the amount of land that fertile enough to grow a sustainable amount of food. Describe a Geosphere <--> Hydrosphere interaction in this event. http://commons.wikimedia.org

13. Earth Systems Describe an interaction between two Earth systems in this photograph. http://commons.wikimedia.org

14. Hurricane Sandy …the deadliest and most destructive hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season. Sandy developed from a storm in the Caribbean Sea on October 22, quickly strengthened, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Sandy six hours later. Sandy moved slowly northward toward the Greater Antilles and gradually intensified. On October 24, Sandy became a hurricane, made landfall near Jamaica, re-emerged a few hours later into the Caribbean Sea and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane. On October 25, Sandy hit Cuba as a Category 3 hurricane, then weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. Early on October 26, Sandy moved through the Bahamas. On October 27, Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm and then restrengthened to a Category 1 hurricane. Early on October 29, Sandy curved north-northwest and then moved ashore in New Jersey with hurricane-force winds. How might this event have affected the Geosphere? http://commons.wikimedia.org

15. Arizona Haboob … a type of intense dust storm carried through the atmosphere.  It blows dry, loose silt and clay up from the desert, creating a wall of sediment . They occur during thunderstorm formation. What two systems are interacting during a haboob? http://commons.wikimedia.org

16. San Antonio Floods Flash floods can occur under several types of conditions. Flash flooding occurs when rainfalls rapidly on saturated soil or dry soil that does not absorb water easily. The temporary availability of water is often used by plants with rapid germination and short growth cycles. Describe an interaction between this event and the biosphere. http://commons.wikimedia.org

17. Japanese Earthquake On March 11, 2012 an earthquake hit northeastern Japan, spawning an incredibly destructive tsunami and crippled the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Newer buildings have less damage from earthquakes than older buildings. What is the independent variable in this statement? http://commons.wikimedia.org

18. Texas Chemical Plant Explosion On  Oct. 3, 2011, workers were mixing chemicals to make a product used in the wastewater treatment industry. Magnablend began working with this product in August 2011 and prior to the fire had made 16 small batches of 500 gallons each. The day of the fire a large 2,500-gallon batch of product was made. This large batch produced a greater amount of what was thought to be steam coming out of the blender and overwhelmed the ventilation system. Officials said there were definitely contaminants in the air. What Earth system was impacted by this event? http://www.nbcdfw.com

19. Texas Chemical Plant Explosion On  Oct. 3, 2011, workers were mixing chemicals to make a product used in the wastewater treatment industry. Magnablend began working with this product in August 2011 and prior to the fire had made 16 small batches of 500 gallons each. The day of the fire a large 2,500-gallon batch of product was made. This large batch produced a greater amount of what was thought to be steam coming out of the blender and overwhelmed the ventilation system. If the amount of chemicals increase, then the amount of steam will increase. What is the independent variable in this hypothesis? http://www.nbcdfw.com

20. 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami …an undersea earthquake off the coast of Indonesia.  it is the third largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 cm and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska. The sea floor is estimated to have risen by several meters, displacing an estimated 30 cubic kilometers of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. Anthropologists had initially expected the aboriginal population of the Andaman Islands to be badly affected by the tsunami and even feared the already depopulated Onge tribe could have been wiped out. Many of the aboriginal tribes evacuated and suffered few casualties. Oral traditions developed from previous earthquakes helped the aboriginal tribes escape the tsunami. For example, the folklore of the Onges talks of "huge shaking of ground followed by high wall of water". Almost all of the OngePeople seemed to have survived the tsunami. The Onge People are part of what Earth system? earthobservatory.nasa.gov

21. 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami …an undersea earthquake off the coast of Indonesia. It is the third largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 cm and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska. The sea floor is estimated to have risen by several meters, displacing an estimated 30 cubic kilometers of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. In these events, the Geosphere impacted which Earth system? earthobservatory.nasa.gov

22. 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami …an undersea earthquake off the coast of Indonesia. It is the third largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 cm and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska. The sea floor is estimated to have risen by several meters, displacing an estimated 30 cubic kilometers of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. In these events, an Earth system was impacted by the Geosphere. What system did the impacted system affect? earthobservatory.nasa.gov

23. Earth Systems The __________???_________  is the body of air which surrounds our planet. Most of our atmosphere is located close to the earth's surface where it is most dense. The air of our planet is 79% nitrogen and just under 21% oxygen; the small amount remaining is composed of carbon dioxide and other gases. http://serc.carleton.edu

24. Japanese Earthquake On March 11, 2012 an earthquake hit northeastern Japan, spawning an incredibly destructive tsunami and crippled the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Newer buildings have less damage from earthquakes than older buildings. What is the dependent variable in this statement? http://commons.wikimedia.org

25. Earth Systems What is the predominant Earth system shown in this photograph? http://commons.wikimedia.org

26. Joplin Tornado …a catastrophic EF5 multiple-vortex tornado that struck Joplin, Missouri, late in the afternoon of Sunday, May 22, 2011. It was part of a larger late-May tornado outbreak and reached a maximum width of nearly 1.6 km during its path through the southern part of the city. A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a thunder cloud. Damage from tornadoes often goes beyond what is readily visible. Liquid fuels and chemicals can leak from ruptured containers and contaminate groundwater. Ruined buildings may contain asbestos. Fires can generate smoke containing soot, dioxins and other pollutants. Household, industrial and medical wastes are strewn about. Explain how all four Earth systems can be affected by a tornado. http://en.wikipedia.org

27. Albert Pike Flood In June 2010 Arkansas floods were flash floods that killed at least 20 people near Langley, Arkansas. The floods were caused by heavy rain on the evening of June 10 and the early morning of June 11 in the Ouachita National Forest. A key factor in the Arkansas flash flood was the geography of the campground. It is surrounded by mountains on either side, so as the rain hit the mountains, it quickly rushed into the valley below, acting as a funnel and pooling the water to one area. How did the Geosphere affect this event? http://en.wikipedia.org

28. Earth Systems What is the predominant Earth System in this photograph? http://commons.wikimedia.org

29. California Wildfires …an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation. On a yearly basis in the United States, typically more than six times the number of wildfires are caused by human means such as campfires and controlled agricultural burns than by natural means. How does the Biosphere affect this event? http://en.wikipedia.org

30. Ice Storm of 1998 … caused massive damage to trees and electrical infrastructure all over the area, leading to widespread long-term power outages. Millions of trees were brought down by the weight of ice around the affected areas. Ice storms occur when a layer of warm air is between two layers of cold air. Frozen precipitation melts to rain while falling into the warm air layer, and then begins to refreeze in the cold layer below  Describe the interaction between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere in this event. http://en.wikipedia.org

31. California Wildfires …an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation. On a yearly basis in the United States, typically more than six times the number of wildfires are caused by human means such as campfires and controlled agricultural burns than by natural means. How does this event impact the atmosphere? http://en.wikipedia.org

32. Earth Systems There are at least THREE Earth Systems shown in this photograph. Name them. http://commons.wikimedia.org

33. Earth Systems There are at least TWO Earth Systems shown in this photograph. Name them. http://commons.wikimedia.org

34. Ice Storm of 1998 … caused massive damage to trees and electrical infrastructure all over the area, leading to widespread long-term power outages. Millions of trees were brought down by the weight of ice around the affected areas. Ice storms occur when a layer of warm air is between two layers of cold air. Frozen precipitation melts to rain while falling into the warm air layer, and then begins to refreeze in the cold layer below  How did this event interact with the biosphere? http://en.wikipedia.org

35. Earth Systems What evidence do you see of interacting systems in this photograph? http://commons.wikimedia.org

36. Dustbowl …a period of severe dust storms the 1930s. The phenomenon was caused by severe drought combined with poor farming techniques. Grasses in the American prairie were lost , and there was nothing to hold soil in place. During the drought of the 1930s, without natural anchors to keep the soil in place, it dried, turned to dust, and blew away with the prevailing winds. Describe an interaction between two systems during the dustbowl. http://commons.wikimedia.org

37. Earth Systems There are at least TWO Earth Systems shown in this photograph. Name them. http://commons.wikimedia.org