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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

This summary explains the process of protein synthesis, including transcription and translation. It covers the formation of RNA from DNA, the role of ribosomes in translation, and the correlation between DNA base sequence and amino acid sequence in a polypeptide.

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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  1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • TRANSCRIPTION: DNA m RNA • TRANSLATION: m RNA Protein

  2. Summary of Events in Protein Synthesis

  3. TRANSCRIPTION

  4. Transcription: A Deep look RNA is made from the DNA nucleotide sequence during transcription. 1. __________________attaches to the beginning of one gene or a group of genes, called the ___________, on the DNA molecule. 2. DNA separates at the______________________ 3. half the DNA serves as a template to make RNA from nucleotides

  5. a. base sequence in DNA determines the base sequence in the RNA molecule 4. transcription ends at the ______________________________________on the DNA molecule a. indicates the end of a ___________or a group of genes 5. m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA may be made

  6. Transcription • http://www.biostudio.com/d_%20Transcription.htm • http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf • FIND MORE WEBSITES…

  7. TRANSLATION

  8. Translation- in ribosomes • _________makes proteins with the help of _____________. • The ___________on the mRNA dictate the amino acids that the tRNA brings to the ribosome. • The ________________ on the tRNA hooks up with the CODON and the a.a. is brought to the appropriate location. • Translation starts at the start codon (AUG) and ends at the stop codon (UGA, UAG, UAA)

  9. Chain of amino acid= protein

  10. B. B. How is the sequence of amino acids determined in translation? 1.codon(3-base sequence on m-RNA) a. 64 codons- code for amino acids 2. start codon (AUG) starts translation a. it codes for themethionine 3. codons on m-RNA pair with anticodons on t-RNA 4. stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) stop translation

  11. Codon Chart

  12. Start and Stop Codons on RNA

  13. Stop Codon Animation

  14. Peptide Bond Formation

  15. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SUMMARY • Transcription - DNA makes RNA • Translation – t-RNA anticodons line up with m-RNA codons at the ribosome • peptide bonds connect amino acids in dehydration synthesis • the GENETIC CODE is the correlation between DNA base sequence and amino acid sequence in a polypeptide

  16. TRANSLATION • Work on the building of Protein at the following website • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/ • http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html • http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/SD.TransTrans.HP.html

  17. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/ • http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_protein_synthesis.htm  (w the ribosome subunits) • http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ (actual do it yourself protein) • http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/Benja1dw/BIO101/tools/quiz/dnarna.htm

  18. GENES ARE SEGMENTS OF DNA THAT CODE FOR A CHARACTERISTIC, LIKE DIMPLES. REALLY ITS _______________________________IN THE DNA DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTIC. BUT SOMETIMES PROBLEMS ARISE….

  19. Mutations A. Location of Mutations 1. _____________(body cell) 2. _________cell (cells that form sperm and egg cells) B. Causes 1. radiation a. x-rays, alpha, beta, gamma radiation, u.v. light 2. chemicals (mutagens) 3. DNA sequence changes in replication

  20. C. Effects of Mutations 1.__________(deadly) 2. may be beneficial 3. no effect

  21. Point Mutation change in one nucleotide …or change in a base (A,T,C,G) in the DNA molecule Types of mutations – a. ___________– one base is substituted for another b. _____________– an extra base is added c. __________ or deletion of a base

  22. Point Mutation:Substitution of One Base

  23. BIGGER PROBLEMS… • WHEN ONE OR TWO BASES ARE ADDED/DELETED, EVEN BIGGER PROBLEMS ARISE BECAUSE DNA IS “READ” IN________________SEQUENCES. • TRANSLATION? EVERY 3 DNA BASES CODE FOR AN AMINO ACID (REMEMBER THE BUILDING BLOCK OF PROTIENS) AND YOU KNOW THAT PROTEINS ARE EVERYWHERE IN OUR BODIES! • TO UNDERSTAND WHY, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND HOW PROTEINS ARE FORMED.

  24. When things go wrong… Frameshift – results when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three 1. addition or deletion can result in a _______________ 2. results in a completely different sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

  25. Frameshift

  26. Frameshift- Insertion

  27. CELL CYCLE CONTROL BY PROTEINS What happens when the cell cycle proteins are the ones being mutated?

  28. Loss of Control of the Cell Cycle • if checkpoints are not working properly, the cell cycle can cause the cell to grow uncontrollably • leads to _________ http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations_S03.htm

  29. Other Chromosome Mutations…….. 1. Deletion – piece of chromosome is deleted or _____________ – piece of a chromosome is duplicated 2. Inversion – segment of a chromosome is inverted

  30. Chromosome Mutation - Duplication

  31. Chromosome MutationsDeletion and Duplication

  32. Translocation – pieces of non homologous chromosomes are exchanged

  33. Normal Red Blood Cells and Sickle Cells

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