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What is a Computer?

What is a Computer?. Hardware:. IBM PC, Printer, Network Card Pentium 4, Monitor, Mouse, Scanner, RJ45, Wireless router. Software:. Windows XP, MS Office: Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Outlook; NetBeans, IE, Netscape,... IBM/370.

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What is a Computer?

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  1. What is a Computer? Hardware: IBM PC, Printer, Network Card Pentium 4, Monitor, Mouse, Scanner, RJ45, Wireless router Software: Windows XP, MS Office: Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Outlook; NetBeans, IE, Netscape,... IBM/370 Today, if you don't know these, you can hardly find a no-sweat-job... 30 years ago, if you knew this, you can easily earn $$$,$$$ a year CCLi

  2. Hardware Central Processor Unit: Internal Storage Control Unit + Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) Input device Output device CCLi

  3. What is Computer Science?What are we studying? Theory Hardware Software Architecture Language CCLi

  4. Computer! Computer! Computer! What are they, really? CCLi

  5. Computer -- A machine that can Compute! What is machine? A machine is a device that follows a certain fixed causal rules. What is Computation? A computation is a sequence of procedures that manipulate data. CCLi

  6. René Descartes (1596-1650) Brains are Machines!! Body Dualism: Mind-Body Mind Image from http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Descartes.html CCLi

  7. Let’s Compute!! Gottfried W.V Leibniz (1646-1716) “ Sir! Let’s sit down and compute!! ” Image from http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/phil/filosofer/leibniz.html CCLi

  8. Dispute that can't be resolved  f(x) dx  Gottfried W.V Leibniz (1646-1716) Isaac Newton (1643-1727) Image from http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/ CCLi

  9. Real Life There any tons of problems that can’t be solved by computers? Ideal Life a pure world of forms with infinite computing power Are there any problems that can’t be solved by any computation? CCLi

  10. Alan Turing (1912-1954)– The Enigma The man who invented the computer. Turing Machine Image from http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Turing.html CCLi

  11. Turing Machine: 0 0 0 1 0 1 1) if ... move right.. and go to (4) 2) if ... move left.. 3) if ... write 1.... 4) if .. ...... ...... ...... 1002) .... 1. A Tape (infinite) 1 2. A fixed finite set of symbols (0,1) 3. Four actions: (to do) (1) read and (2) write symbols from/onto the tape, move the w/r head (3) back and (4) forth. 4. A finite transition table (what to do) And, that is enough to beat any Super-Computer!! CCLi

  12. Thephilosopher of the 20th century Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) “In logic nothing is accidental” “Turing Machines are human that compute” Image from http://www.ags.uci.edu/~bcarver/wgallery.html CCLi

  13. Monroe 920 Desktop Calculator made in 1969 CCLi

  14. From 8008 to Pentium 4 8008 (Intel 1972) 2500 Transistors Pentium 4 (Intel 2000) 42,000,000 Transistors 8080 (Intel 1975) 4500 Transistors CCLi

  15. Image from http://www.hothardware.com Moore's Law A computer is a vast collection of logical gates. So, nothing is accidental in a computer. CCLi

  16. 1: true 0: false AND operator OR operator NOT operator Logical Gates NOT A A AND OR TTL gates 1: 3.5 volts 0: 0.2 volt B B CCLi

  17. Vcc 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 TTL 7400 Gate AND AND NOT NOT AND AND NOT NOT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 GND CCLi

  18. Counting 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 6 1 7 8 10 10 9 11 11 100 12 20 101 13 21 110 . . . . 19 90 100 22 1000 111 91 23 1001 92 . . . . 29 1010 10000 . . . 93 1011 . . . . 99 1100 1101 1110 1111 CCLi

  19. Adder (half adder) A S Half Adder B c CCLi

  20. Logical Gates for an Adder (half adder) Half-Adder 1 A 1 1 1 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 OR B 1 0 0 1 AND S 0 0 AND NOT c 1 Ghz: 11095=200106 CCLi

  21. Logical Gates and Clock 400 MHz 4108/sec A 1 1 1 1 1 1 OR 1 0 B 0 1 AND S 0 0 AND NOT c Half-Adder CCLi

  22. Binary Addition carry 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 +) 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 CCLi

  23. Full Adder Co Ci Full Adder A S B CCLi

  24. Logical Gates for a Full-Adder • A full-adder can be constructed from half-adders. A Full Adder Ci 1 0 1 half- adder c 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 Co A 0 OR S half- adder c 0 B 1 S S CCLi

  25. A 1 0 1 1 4 bits Adder B 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Full Adder Full Adder Full Adder Full Adder 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 CCLi

  26. Full-Adder and Clock Ci half- adder c A s OR Co half- adder c B s S 1 3 3 1 1 For a 16 bits adder: 167+2=114 4108  114  3.5  106 CCLi

  27. Leopold Kronecker(1823-1891) “God created the integers, all else is the work of man. “ Image from http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/ ~history/Mathematicians/Kronecker.html CCLi

  28. A 1 0 1 1 Adder, that’s enough! B 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Full Adder Full Adder Full Adder Full Adder 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 XXXXX Created full-adders, all else is the work of programmers CCLi

  29. Conversion between number systems CCLi

  30. Most Significant digit Least Significant digit Decimal Number: 3784 CCLi

  31. Binary number : 110010012 Least Significant bit Most Significant bit 110010012 = 127+ 126 + 123 + 120 = 201 CCLi

  32. Trinary number : 110010013 110010013 = 137+ 136 + 133 + 130 = 2944 CCLi

  33. Hexadecimal number :FA9H FA9H = 15162 + 10161 + 9160 = 4009 CCLi

  34. Conversion between Hexadecimal, Octal, and Binary Numbers CCLi

  35. Binary  Octal = 128 + 027 + 126 + 025 + 024 + 123 + 022 + 121 + 120 = (122 + 021 + 120)  26 + (022 + 021 + 120)  23 + (022 + 121 + 120 )  1 = (122 + 021 + 120)  (23)2+ (022 + 021 + 120) (23)1 + (022 + 121 + 120 )  (23)0 = 5  82 + 1  81 + 3  80 = 5138 CCLi

  36. Binary  Octal(shortcut) Least Significant bit 1111101010012=7651o Least Significant bit 101100101010012=26251o CCLi

  37. Binary  Hexadecimal = 0211 + 0210 + 029 + 128 + 027 + 126 + 025 + 024 + 123 + 022 + 121 + 120 = (023 + 022 + 021 + 120 ) (24)2+ (023 + 122 + 021 + 020) 24 + (123 + 022 + 121 + 120 )  1 = 1  (16)2+ 4  16+ 11  160 = 14BH CCLi

  38. Binary  Hexadecimal(shortcut) Least Significant bit 1111101010012 =FA9H Least Significant bit 101100101010012 =2CA9H CCLi

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