Dave Nakamura Technical Fellow – CNS Technical Standards Airplane Systems

Fourth MeetingFlight Operations and Air Traffic Managment Componentof theNorth Asia Regional Aviation Safety Team (NARAST) RNP Implementation Issues Dave Nakamura Technical Fellow – CNS Technical Standards Airplane Systems Boeing Commercial Airplanes

TOPICS • RNP Implementation Issues • General Assessment • Aircraft & Infrastructure • Airspace & Application • Procedures • Operational Implementation • Operational Approval • Summary

RNP Implementation What’s the Problem, Issues & Solutions? Operational Requirement: Determine & assess how RNP operation overcomes limitations and provides benefits General Assessment: Airplane Performance, navigation infrastructure, Procedure Design Criteria, Topography Data Sources, ATC Local Flows, Weather, FAR & FAA Orders Aircraft & Infrastructure: Nav integrity/availability e.g. PRAIM, A/C Systems & Equipage, capability, limitations Airspace Assessment: Terrain, airport restrictions, usage limitations, environmental, Application Assessment: Geodetic Systems & Calculations, waypoint issues, aircraft performance & flyability demonstration (normal & failures), ALPA, NATCA, Simulation Procedure Implementation: Construction, Obstacle Clearance Assessment, Charting, ARINC 424 & Navigation database, Operational Implementation: Contingency Ops, Training (Crew, ATC, Dispatch, etc), AIM, ATC Ops Integration, Continuing airworthiness, FAA ATC and Flt Stds Processes, Flt Publications Operational Approval: Ops Authorization, Ops Specifications or equivalent

General Assessment Factors vary & depend on operation or aircraft, environment, conditions, Services, infrastructure Traffic Character - Schedule - Speed Mix/Envelope - Altitude Mix - Climb/Descent Performance Airspace Configuration Control Performance - SUA - Decision Support - Topography, Terrain - Proficiency - Traffic Flow Patterns - Sequencing Efficiency - Route Complexity - Separation Precision - Severe Weather Throughput - Runway Load Balancing Nav/Guidance Performance - Accuracy Monitoring Performance - Availability/Coverage - Availability/Coverage - Integrity - Integrity - GNE Rate - Accuracy; Latency Airplane Performance - Arrival: Speed Schedule, descent path Comm Performance - Departure: Speed schedule, climb path, - Availability/Coverage engine out - Integrity - Message Delivery Performance

Large airframes 40,000 32,495 30,000 17,224 growth airplanes 20,000 23,929 15,271 6,705 replacements 10,000 8,566 retained fleet 0 2001 2021 Aircraft and Infrastructure To meet demand, world fleet must double by 2020 Source: Boeing Current Market Outlook 2002

Aircraft and Infrastructure Aircraft Decisions follow a complex formula Manufacturer Airlines NewAirplane Maintenance Wt./Fuel LifecycleCosts Eng. Test & Cert Training Retrofit Supplier Mfg. Services NR Prerequisites Market Kitting Labor Eng. ImplementCosts Airline Bus. Case* Profit Revenues Costs Rec. Mfg. Spares Training Price SupplierPmts. Supplier IndustryDevelopment Downtime  APSales Procedures OperatorValue  AP SaleRevs Revs  Standards Regulation RegulatoryMandate Costs  Efficiency 

2000 2005 2010 2015 Cat I Aircraft and Infrastructure Aircraft Compatible with Infrastructure • NDB • VOR • DME • GPS • SBAS • GBAS En route • NDB • VOR • DME • Basic GNSS • ILS Cat I • ILS Cat II/III • MLS Cat III • SBAS Cat I • GBAS Cat I/II/III Approach/landing/ departure/A-SMGCS

GPS Antennas Flt Deck Displays/ Alerting MMR ILS GPS Flight Management System Monitoring Alerting System Flight Management System Autopilot/ Flight Director Systems VOR VOR IRS DME DME ILS Antennas VOR Antennas DME Antennas Aircraft and Infrastructure More to readiness than aircraft and systems: Airplane Flight Manual, Ops Manual, Maintenance Planning Data, Equipment List, RNP Capability documentation, etc appropriate to the operation and RNP HF Antenna Low Gain Satellite High Gain Antenna Satellite Antenna Displays Mode S TCAS II Amplifier Satellite Data Unit HFTransceiver ACARS Management Unit Radio Tuning Panel Audio Control Panel VHF Transceiver Mode S TCAS II TCAS II Antenna Mode S Antenna VHF Antenna

1989 747-400 782 757s 681 767s • 757s • 259 767s 1988 737-3/4/5 2587 737-6/7/8/9 737-300/-400/-500 1985 Aircraft and Infrastructure GPS basic GBAS: Yes, SBAS: No Differences in delivered capability 513 777s • Example • At least half the “modern” fleet delivered prior to full CNS/ATM equipage being available • Large retrofit issue – hard to know the aircraft retrofit status 777 1995 498 747-400s 185 747-400s 757/767 1982

Aircraft and Infrastructure Consistency in Aircraft Performance and Level of Capability is Essential e.g. RF Leg Note: Percentages based on number of respondents and may not reflect Industry as a whole. Courtesy of

Aircraft and Infrastructure B737 Aircraft Example All Dual FMC (e.g., Smiths 10.4A) All Dual GPS -900 All Dual FMC (e.g., Smiths 10.4A) All Dual GPS -800 All Dual FMC (e.g., Smiths 10.4A) All Dual GPS -700 All Single FMC (e.g., Smiths 10.4A) No GPS -500 Half Single/Half Dual FMC (e.g., Smiths, U5.0) Half Dual/Half No GPS -400 All Single FMC (e.g., Smiths 10.4A, U 1.6) No GPS -300 All Single FMC, (e.g., Marconi) 10% GPS -200 Courtesy of

Airspace and Application Performance based Navigation Roadmap - USA

Near Term Mid Term Far Term 2004 ‘20 ‘05 ‘10 ‘15 Conventional SIDs / STARs BRNAV SIDs / STARs BRNAV Enroute PRNAV SIDs / STARs Ltd PRNAV SIDs / STARs PRNAV Enroute Ltd PRNAV Enroute RNPRNAV SIDs / STARs RNPRNAV 4D Enroute NPA - Conventional NPA - RNAV, RNPRNAV APV – RNAV Baro - VNAV, RNPRNAV Baro - VNAV APV I/II Cat I/II/III Ops & Guided TO - ILS Cat I/II/III Ops & Guided TO - MLS Cat I Ops – GLS - SBAS Cat I Ops & Guided TO – GLS - GBAS Cat II/III Ops – GLS - GBAS Airspace and Application EUROCONTROL Operations Roadmap

Airspace & Application Flyability, Aircraft Performance, Airport Restrictions, Missed Approach Path Environmental Waypoint Specification Terrain, EGPWS WGS-84

Procedures USA/FAA AC’s and Notices • Notice 8000.287 • Procedure design, aircraft qualification & Ops approval criteria, extended one year, maximum allowed • Public RNP SAAAR – in progress • Order (8260.52) procedure design criteria • AC90-RNPSAAAR - aircraft and OPS approval • RNP “Specials” • AC120-29A, RAPT prioritization based upon 8260.43A ICAO PANS-Ops • Doc 8168 • Update in progress, for RNP < 0.3 NM, harmonized to FAA Order 8260.52. Estimated completion, 2006

Procedures Alternatives Impact RNP Specials SAAAR Public SAAAR PANS-OPs AC120-29A N8000.287 AC90-RNPSAAAR 8260.52 Doc 8168 Application Customization Less Max% Operations More

Procedures Alternatives Impact RNP Specials SAAAR Public SAAAR PANS-OPs More Complexity of Problem Standardization of Solution Less RNP Decision Factors

RNP Specials SAAAR Public SAAAR PANS-OPs

SAAAR – N8000.287 RNP Approaches • SAAAR Benefits • Better access to runways with terrain/airspace conflicts • De-conflicting traffic flows (e.g., converging runways, adjacent procedures) • Improving safety by eliminating circling maneuvers • Simplifying training by eliminating NPAs without sacrificing access • To solve problems not solvable with other approach surfaces • SAAAR Features • Reduced RNP • RNP 0.3 to 0.1 • No secondary obstacle clearance areas • Tailored & guided missed approaches • Curved paths (RF) • Reduced vertical obstacle surfaces (VEB)

SAAAR – Functional Requirements • Appendix 4, Sections 3-6 • Accuracy: 0.1 – 0.3 NM, 95% • GNSS, IRU, VOR*, & DME* • 10-6 -10-7 accident rate objective • CDI or Navigation Map, & display resolution of 0.1 nm • A/C position & desired path, verification by 2nd pilot • Vertical Path, angles/altitudes • Baro Altimetry Information • Navigation Database, integrity, & validity indication • Procedures from database • Active navigation sensor • ID, bearing, distance, GS, time to waypoint • Direct to, fly-over, fly-by capability • IF, RF, TF, CF, DF plus VM recommended • System Failure • Autoreversion to secondary sensor

RNP Level MAXIMUM MINIMUM Segment Feeder/Initial 1.0 0.10 Intermediate 1.0 0.10 Final 0.50 0.10* Missed Approach 1.0 0.10* SAAAR – Appendix 5 Approach Segment Width * Can be lower than 0.10 with AFS-400 approval Initial Segment RNP 1.0 Intermediate Segment RNP 0.3 Final Segment with RF RNP 0.10 Missed Approach Segment RNP 0.3

SAAAR, Appendix 5 Obstacle Clearance Vertical Error Budget (VEB) Alternative FAF 500’ ROC Glidepath VEB OCS 1 20.71 3,580.07

SAAAR, Appendix 5 Obstacle Clearance Linear criteria for missed approach RNP .1 RNP .15 RNP .2 RNP .3 RNP + 1xRNP NM 0 6.6 10 13 20

FAS DA Glidepath MA Climb Path VEB OCS MA OCS 50 Approach Surface Base Line SAAAR, Appendix 5 Obstacle Clearance Allows for performance based Missed Approach CG = 6076.11548 slope Slope = 6076.11548 CG

Parallel with Parallel with Parallel without Parallel without Simultaneous Simultaneous De De - - confliction of confliction of Runway Access and Runway Access & Visual Transition Visual Transition Transition Transition Converging Converging Adjacent Airports Adjacent Airports Risk Management Risk Management 2400’ - <4300’ 750’ - <4300’ RNP SAAAR RNP SAAAR 9 Conventional Airport #1 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 31 31 31 L 16 Airport #2 SAAAR – Operational Applications Applications with RNP SAAAR where benefits assessments are being performed and priorities derived

Public RNP SAAAR Public RNP SAAAR key attributes: • Path construction: • RNP 0.3 approach typical, as low as RNP 0.1 • RNP 1 missed approach typical, as low as RNP 0.1 • RF path type where necessary, fixes the ground track in a turn • Obstacle Assessment: • Lateral OCS equal to 2xRNP either side of track center • Vertical OCS a distance equal to the vertical error budget (VEB) below descent path (aircraft specific) • Missed approach OCS from VEB value at DA rising at a slope equal to engine out climb performance (aircraft specific) • Ability to lower DA if MA OCS clears controlling obstacle • FAS RNP carried into the MAS Public SAAAR aims for much broader participation of RNP capable aircraft

RNP Level Basic Segment Feeder/Initial 1.0 Intermediate 1.0 Final 0.30 Missed Approach 1.0 Public RNP SAAAR Approach Segment Width * Can be lower than 0.10 with AFS-400 approval Initial Segment RNP 1.0 Intermediate Segment RNP 1.0 Missed Approach Segment RNP 1.0 Final Segment RNP 0.30

Public RNP SAAAR Obstacle Clearance Vertical Error Budget Note: BG is based upon straight in approach only, and therefore less than the BG for N8000.287 SAAAR FAF 500’ ROC Glidepath VEB OCS 1 20.71 3,559.42

FAS DA Glidepath MA Climb Path VEB OCS MA OCS 50 Approach Surface Base Line Public RNP SAAAR Standardize as much as possible, eliminate variability • Missed Approach • Base climb gradient 200’/NM with adjustments, 425’/NM max to clear obstacles • Fixed assessment of IRS/non-IRS • Turns with standardized RF before DER • Rejected landing as Ops evaluation • Approach • Fixed VEB variables • Operational • Equipment • Crew Procedures • Training • Monitoring Program

Public RNP SAAAR – Functional Requirements • AC90-RNP SAAAR DRAFT • Operational Considerations: • Accuracy: 0.3 NM, 95% xGNSS or GNSS/IRU • 10-7 Airspace Containment • EGPWS & TAWS Crosscheck • RNP MEL & Crew Equipment List • CDI or Navigation Map, & display resolution of 0.1 nm • A/C position & desired path, verification by 2nd pilot • Vertical Path, angles/altitudes • Baro Altimetry Information • Navigation Database, integrity, & validity indication • Procedures from database • Active navigation sensor • ID, bearing, distance, GS, time to waypoint • Direct to, fly-over, fly-by capability • IF, RF, TF, CF, DF plus VM recommended • System Failure • Autoreversion to secondary sensor

RNP Solutions Data from PARC

ICAO Confusion between RNP concept and designations RNP Concept 1999 RNPwith Containment RNP with Containment Integrity/Continuity RNP RNP RNP 10, RNP 4 7030 exception B-RNAV, P-RNAV RNP-x RNP 2, RNP 1, RNP 0.3 RNP-x/y RNP 0.3/125

ICAO Concept evolution, recognizes value and benefit of RNAV, and added value and benefits of RNP. Performance based Navigation Concept 2005 Navigation Applications without Containment Integrity/Continuity Navigation Applications with Containment Integrity/Continuity RNAV RNP Legacy RNP 10, RNP 4 B-RNAV, P-RNAV New RNAV 2, RNAV 1, etc RNP-x RNP 2, RNP 1, RNP 0.3 RNP-x/y RNP 0.3/125

MAP FAF FixA Scalable Default with limited scalability ICAO PANS-Ops • RNP Criteria Evolution • Default Criteria for broad and quick application • Scalable Criteria to address special conditions, requirements, and benefits

ICAO PANS-Ops RNP Specials SAAAR Public SAAAR PANS-OPs More Complexity of Problem Standardization of Solution Less RNP Decision Factors

Operational Implementation • Operational Considerations: • Autopilot requirements, • dispatch, maintenance • NAVAID Exclusion • Track Deviation Monitoring • Predictive Capability • MEL • Contingency Procedures: • - Loss of RNP system • - Loss of sensors • - Loss of GPS signal • - IRU Coasting • ATC Procedures/Phraseology • Aeronautical Data and Database Processes • Training and Manuals for RNAV/RNP

Operational Implementation RNP and Global Interoperability Different Regional Requirements and Infrastructure Basis RNP 10 -> 4 INS -> GPS MNPS-> RNP4 BRNAV -> PRNAV INS -> GPS RNP 2, 1, 0.3 VOR/DME -> DME/DME GPS GPS RNP 10 -> 4 RNP 4 DME, GPS VOR/DME INS -> GPS RNP 4 GPS RNP 10 -> 4 INS -> GPS

Integrated SectorsRTSP & RevisedSeparation standards Un-integrated Sectors andProcedures/ Criteria Airspace Design Trajectory-based Air Traffic Management Air Traffic Management Decision Support Tools (w/ “Intent”) Short-term Air Traffic Control Operational Implementation Navigation is just one element that must be considered Transition steps Current Global Vision Feature Communication Services Multiple Narrowband Air- Gnd Comms Oceanic Satcom Multiple Ubiquitous Global Air-Gnd Comms Wide- & Narrowband Satcom Navigation Services Ground Based GPS IIF Regional WAAS, MSAS Navaids GLONASS EGNOS, GAGAN Reduced Ground- GPS III/Galileo Global Based Navaids GLONASS SBAS/GBAS Surveillance Services Space Relay ADS ADS-A/B ADS (A/B) Ground Based “Local Area” Radars Air & Ground ADS Ground Based Ubiquitous Radars ADS

Operational Implementation Balancing Operational Requirements with CNS/ATM

RNP4-12... RNP2 RNP2 RNP1 FAF RNP.3 RNP1 RNP.5 RNP.5 RNP.3 Cat II 100’ RNP.1 Low Visibility Takeoff Landing Cat III Cat I 200’ Operational Implementation RNP and Global Interoperability USA RNAV 2: AC90-100 N8400.71 RNAV 1: AC90-100 N8400.71 RNP 0.3 8260.52/51 RNP< 0.3: N8000.287 AC20-153 AC120-29A RNAV 2: AC90-100 N8400.71 RNAV 1: AC90-100 N8400.71 RNP 0.3 8260.52/51 RNP< 0.3: N8000.287 AC20-153 AC120-29A RNP 10: N8400.12A BRNAV: AC90-96A RNAV 4: N8400.XX RNAV 2: AC90-100 N8400.71 RNAV 1: AC90-100 N8400.71 Europe PRNAV: TGL 10 RNAV: AMC 20-XX RNP< 0.3: AMC 20-XZ Cat II/III: CS-AWO JAR-Ops1 PRNAV: TGL 10 RNAV: AMC 20-XX RNP≤ 0.3: AMC 20-XZ RNP 10: NPA 20-8 BRNAV: AMC 20-4 ICAO RNAV: Doc 8168 RNP≤ 0.3: Doc 8168, 2006? RNAV: Doc 8168 RNP≤ 0.3: Doc 8168,2006? RNP Separation: ?

Operational Implementation RNP and Global Interoperability - Alignment of Operations to Criteria and Schedules needed 2004 2005 2006 2007 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 AC20-153, Data LOA AC90-100, USRNAV AC90-100, USRNAV AMC 20-XX AC90-RNPSAAAR AMC 20-XZ N8000.287, RNP SAAAR 8260.52, Public SAAAR RNP IAP Apps/Priorities PANS-ATM? PANS-Ops? Annex 6?

Operational Approval • Aircraft Evaluation • Type of Equipment • Documentation of performance and functionality • Operation Qualification • Crew Qualification and Training • Ops Procedures • Manuals, Checklist, QRH, Operational Considerations including • Autopilot, navaid selection, performance monitoring, predictive capability, failure monitoring, inertial coasting • Continued Airworthiness • Database • Maintenance Training • Dispatch • MEL • Validation

Summary Implementation Issues Exist in All Areas Operational Requirement: Determine & assess how RNP operation overcomes limitations and provides benefits General Assessment: Airplane Performance, navigation infrastructure, Procedure Design Criteria, Topography Data Sources, ATC Local Flows, Weather, FAR & FAA Orders Aircraft & Infrastructure: Nav integrity/availability e.g. PRAIM, A/C Systems & Equipage, capability, limitations Airspace Assessment: Terrain, airport restrictions, usage limitations, environmental, Application Assessment: Geodetic Systems & Calculations, waypoint issues, aircraft performance & flyability demonstration (normal & failures), ALPA, NATCA, Simulation Procedure Implementation: Construction, Obstacle Clearance Assessment, Charting, ARINC 424 & Navigation database, Operational Implementation: Contingency Ops, Training (Crew, ATC, Dispatch, etc), AIM, ATC Ops Integration, Continuing airworthiness, FAA ATC and Flt Stds Processes, Flt Publications Operational Approval: Ops Authorization, Ops Specifications or equivalent

Dave Nakamura Technical Fellow – CNS Technical Standards Airplane Systems