Evolution

2. Evolution • Darwin Studied finches in the Galapagos Islands • He noticed how different each bird beak was due to adaptive radiation • Evidence of evolution • The best evidence is matching AA sequences or DNA • We can also look at anatomy. What was the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

3. What is Classification? • Classification/taxonomy is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities • Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

4. Benefits of Classifying • Accurately & uniformly names organisms • Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish • Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

5. Standardized Naming • Binomial nomenclature • Genus species • Latin or Greek Turdus migratorius American Robin

6. Binomial Nomenclature What is different in the scientific name of the polar bear and the grizzly bear?

7. Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups BROADEST TAXON Know in order, how the taxa are arranged from broadest to most specific • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

8. Domains • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Threedomains: • Archaea and Eubacteria • unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) • Eukarya • more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

9. Kingdoms Know which are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes Know the difference between and prokaryote and eukaryote • Eubacteria • Archaea • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

11. Fungus • Are not plants-they do NOT carry out photosynthesis! The only thing they have in common are cell walls. • Cell walls of chitin • Absorb food through cell walls • What do they do? Why is this important? What would we do without them? • An ex of a fungus? Yeast-how does it make bread rise?

12. Protists • Not plants, not fungi • Algae, slime molds etc • These guys are important for creating most of the O2 for us through photosynthesis! • Form red tides (caused from Dinoflagellates) that kill fish and other animals in the ocean • Caused by farm runoff • Are a junk drawer • Uni/multicellular • Eukaryotes • Auto/heterotrophs

13. Dichotomous Keying • Used to identify organisms • Characteristics given in pairs • Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Be able to identify characteristics that set organisms apart from the rest!

14. Prokaryotic – do not have nucleusSingle-celled – unicellularCell wall – made of peptidoglycan What are two key differences between a prokaryote and eukaryote?

15. Virus • Has DNA/RNA • Would we treat with antibiotics or vaccine? Both? • LyticvsLysogenic cycle

16. Gram Stain – stained bacteria reveals whether to prescribe antibiotics Antibiotics – medicine used to block growth and reproduction of BACTERIA only Ex: Pencillium Vaccines – weakened pathogen PREVENTS disease in both viruses and bacteria Treating Pathogenic Bacteria

17. Beneficial Bacteria • Bacteria are beneficial to our environment by acting as: • Decomposers - recycle of nutrients to atmosphere • Nitrogen fixators - convert nitrogen into a form plants can use

18. Beneficial Bacteria Cont… 3. Symbiotic Relationship – Two organisms benefit from one another Ex. Humans and E. coli E.coli lives in our intestines, breaks down food for digestion

19. Preventing Bacterial Growth • Heat – inc in temp • Disinfection – using chemicals • Refrigeration – slows down bacterial growth • Light – slows down bacterial growth

20. Exchange of bodily fluids Skin to skin contact, dirty hands Contamination Airbourne We use Penecillum as an antibiotic How are Bacterial Infections Transmitted?