Industrialization & Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order

1. Industrialization & Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order Chapter 24 Modern Age: 1750 - 1914

2. European Expansion • PRE-INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION • Search for precious metals • Purchase luxury products (silks, spices) • Fears of Muslim kingdoms in the Middle East, North Africa • Western Europe experienced huge population jump after about 1730 • Population pressure drove many people into the working-class proletariat • Proto-industrialization: employment of laborers who worked at home but in a capitalist system dependent on urban merchants • Dutch & British East India companies not very interested in acquiring colonial territories in 17th century

3. European Imperialism • IMPERIALISM FOLLOWING INDUSTRIALIZATION • Search for markets for manufactured products • Colonies in interior of Africa, Asia • Search for raw materials to keep factories busy • Shift from pre-industrial to imperialism in mid 1800s • Overseas agents of Dutch & British East India companies, without directors’ permission, began acquiring land empires in Asia in 18th century • Java was first place

4. Dutch in Java • Dutch were content in 1620s to be vassals of the Sultan of Mataram • Using mercenary forces recruited from the people of Java, the Dutch intervened in succession disputes in return for grants of land

5. British in India • Also used mercenaries recruited from local peoples to get into India • British global imperial rivalry with France made it different here • 1757 - British win battle of Plassey, defeating a combined force of Indians and French • Robert Clive, British commander • British gain control of Bengal • As British gained territory, Mughal Empire of India collapsed

6. British in India • Madras, Bombay, Calcutta administrative centers of 3 presidencies in India • Indian princes found it hard to defend their kingdoms because: *lack of national identity, *willingness of Indians to serve in British armies, *continued warfare among princes • India: pivot of British Empire, because *size of Indian land army, *utility of Indian ports for British sea power, * raw materials for British industries

7. Compare • Dutch & British both content to leave social systems of Java & India intact (prior to 1850) • Mixed marriages common between European males & indigenous females, accepted • “nabobs” = representatives of British East India Company who went out to secure sudden wealth, often through corruption

8. Reform • Lord Cornwallis: led reforms in India in 1790s • Evangelical: English religious movement important to social reforms • Utilitarianism: led by Jeremy Bentham & James Mill, a philosophical movement supporting social reform in the colonies • France granted citizenship to educated colonists

9. Empires • 1870s - European countries made much of Africa, Asia, & Pacific its colonial possessions • Early 19th century - Britain dominated overseas trade & empire building • Spain did NOT enter competitive race for colonial empire & industrial supremacy after 1870 • Germany, Belgium, France joined Dutch & British in the race

10. Motives • Motives for expansion, late 19th century: *pressure of public opinion, *release pressure of unemployed workers & surplus goods, * influence of political leaders in European countries, * ensure supply of raw materials • Public opinion is a major factor: *”jingoistic” press, *extension of the vote to lower middle & working classes • Quarrels over division of colonial spoils used to justify arms buildup & general militarism

11. Africa • Africans & Asians often fiercely resisted colonial rule, without chances of success • By 1914, all of Africa had fallen to European countries, except Ethiopia • Battle of Isandhlwana, 1879, Zulus defeated British • Before 1902, South Africa was a contested settler colony • Educational systems differed from Java & India: depended more on religious missionaries than state support

12. Other Colonies • “tropical dependencies” = colonies where small numbers of Europeans ruled large numbers of non-Western peoples • Example of a “White Dominion” = Australia • Europeans exploited longstanding ethnic & cultural divisions between indigenous peoples

13. Colonies • Growing size of European communities in foreign nations & increased number of women in European settlements = critical in growing tensions between colonizers & local African & Asian middle classes • Incentives to greater production: imposing head or hut tax payable in commodities • Food crops did NOT increase in colonies; mining, manufacturing, transportation did increase as a result of European economic exploitation of colonies • Colonial economies steadily reduced to dependence on European dominated global market

14. South Africa & Australia similar • Temperate climate to grow crops & raise livestock familiar to Europeans • Disease environment in which they could survive • Colonists began to move to interior

15. Boer Colony: South Africa • Annexation by British, 1815, set Boer colony on a different path than White Dominions • Transvaal: republic founded by Boers in 1850s

16. New Zealand • New Zealand native = Maori • Contact with Europeans, 1790s, caused: *spread of alcoholism & prostitution, * firearms in Maori warfare, *European diseases such as smallpox • Intermarriage with Europeans NOT common among Maori

17. Hawaii • Captain James Cook – opened Hawaii to the West • Kamehameha – Hawaiian prince who created a united kingdom, 1810, with aid of British weapons & advisors