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FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION. Develop coke from coal for hotter fires. Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels. Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power.

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FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

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  1. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Develop coke from coal for hotter fires Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Invention of a more efficient steam engine by James Watt (1769) Larger bellows  can get hotter fires Finally able to smelt iron completely Ripsaws cut more wood deforest Br. Stronger & more metal for building steam engines Develop steam pumps vs. water seepage in coal mines Spinning Jenny (1760s) Spun 7X threads Mech. handloom (1733) Could double textile prod. British textile prod. & profits soar Need new power source when all waterfront prop. for waterwheels is gone Adoption of the clock in W. Eur. W. Civ’s mechanistic view of the universe Adoption of the clock in W. Eur. W. Civ’s mechanistic view of the universe New textile tech. in Br. to compete vs. cheaper Asian goods Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64) Invention of clock in China (FC.57) Invention of clock in China (FC.57) Basis for the Industrial Revolution (FC. 111)

  2. Why not China? FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

  3. Why not China? -Irrig. Authoritarian & rigid  Tech seen as a threat FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

  4. Why not China? -Irrig. Authoritarian & rigid  Tech seen as a threat

  5. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Q: Why not China? -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threat Cistercian monks do what?

  6. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Q: Why not China? -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threat Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Labor shortage so far from society  ? Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  7. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Q: Why not China? -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threat Grk. waterwheels Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  8. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Q: Why not China? -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threat Grk. waterwheels -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  9. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Q: Why not China? -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threat Grk. waterwheels -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  10. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Q: Why not China? -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threat Grk. waterwheels -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  11. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Q: Why not China? -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threat Grk. waterwheels -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64) Breast wheel combining the undershot location with the overshot’s better efficiency

  12. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  13. In the early 1800s many Americans were experimenting with different new waterwheel designs. One of these men, Calvin Wing of Maine, patented the reaction wheel in October 1830. It consisted of a hollow iron disk with a large hole on one side to allow pressurized water in from a penstock and six angled holes on the rim to allow water to exit. The force of water squirting through these six angled jets turned the wheel in reaction to the force of the exiting water. The reaction wheel, in some ways the predecessor of the modern turbine, operated on water pressure obtained by confining the water as it fell. It was fairly efficient, could operate in a wide range of water levels, including flooded back-water conditions. Its cast iron construction made it extremely durable, so it didn’t rot like a wooden wheel. It was also compact, achieving high speeds and generating a lot of power while taking up little space and eliminating the need for costly gearing. It did require precision manufacturing and installation, and thus was somewhat expensive compared to a simple wooden wheel. The 1830s miller who bought one was taking a risk and making an investment in new technology.

  14. Modern Hydroelectric Turbine Water power is still a vital source of energy in the 21st century. However, instead of generating mechanical energy to be used on-site, the energy of falling water is converted to electrical energy and transmitted for use elsewhere. In a turbine water is smoothly funneled into a restricted space where it turns the turbine’s blades which are connected to a gear box and electrical generator.

  15. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64) What new sorts of jobs Can now be done?

  16. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  17. Here the waterwheel performs two tasks, one with the crank and one with the cam. The crank in the back works a bellows to stoke the smith’s furnace. The cam on the right (D) operates a trip hammer (E).

  18. Sawmill

  19. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  20. Wilkinson’s cylinder borer (1775)

  21. This milling complex at Arles in Roman Gaul had 16 waterwheels that could mill enough grain to feed 80,000 people. Since the local population was probably only about 10,000, we figure the milling complex at Arles was the center of a vast redistribution network, indicating the large scale of trade in the Roman Empire.

  22. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  23. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  24. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur • - 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's • - “Lord”= loaf giver Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  25. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur • - 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's • - “Lord”= loaf giver • -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  26. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur • - 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's • - “Lord”= loaf giver • -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day • - 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  27. Two watermills operating between bridge abutments. Notice the spiral shaped millstone in the foreground being taken in the replace one that is worn down.

  28. The numerous depictions of waterwheels in European art are further evidence of their ubiquity.

  29. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur • - 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's • - “Lord”= loaf giver • -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day • - 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km • - Other power sources Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  30. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur • - 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's • - “Lord”= loaf giver • -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day • - 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km • - Other power sources • - 120 windmills by Ypres Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  31. A horse-powered treadmill in Belgium for threshing wheat

  32. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur • - 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's • - “Lord”= loaf giver • -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day • - 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km • - Other power sources • - 120 windmills by Ypres • - Tidal mills Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  33. A tidal mill used different water pressures to function. (1) The high tide forces open a gate, thus letting water into a holding tank. 1

  34. A tidal mill used different water pressures to function. (1) The high tide forces open a gate, thus letting water into a holding tank. When the tank is full and the tide goes out the higher pressure in the holding tank forces the gate shut (2). 1 2 2

  35. A tidal mill used different water pressures to function. (1) The high tide forces open a gate, thus letting water into a holding tank. When the tank is full and the tide goes out the higher pressure in the holding tank forces the gate shut (2). Then a second gate can be opened to let water down to turn a water wheel (3). 1 2 2 3

  36. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur • - 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's • - “Lord”= loaf giver • -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day • - 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km • - Other power sources • - 120 windmills by Ypres • - Tidal mills • 1690 - 80k flour, 15k indus & 500 • iron mills in France Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

  37. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur • - 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's • - “Lord”= loaf giver • -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day • - 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km • - Other power sources • - 120 windmills by Ypres • - Tidal mills • 1690 - 80k flour, 15k indus & 500 • iron mills in France • -1st clocks w/7 faces for astrology Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64) Invention of clock in China (FC.57) Invention of clock in China (FC.57)

  38. The first mechanical clock was built during the Sung Dynasty in China around 900 C.E. It was an astrological/astronomical clock with seven faces to mechanically track the motion of the sun, moon, and five known planets at that time (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn).

  39. It was also a water clock with sophisticated machinery to regulate the flow of water in order to keep time. The clock was a royal monopoly to help emperors decide propitious times for acts of state, such as making war or peace. The emperors relied on it so much that, when an ambassador to the north reported that the heavenly bodies were not in line with the clock, the emperor replied that the clock was right and the sky was wrong.

  40. Somehow, the idea and design of the Chinese clock made its way west, where an Italian, Giovanni di Dondi, built the most sophisticated clock of the Middle Ages between 1348 and 1364. Like the Chinese clock, it had 7 faces showing the movements of the sun, moon and five known planets. It had no hourly dials, which he said were too simple, and was so sophisticated that it wasn't duplicated until the 1800's. One difference from the Chinese model was that his clock was weight driven with a mechanical escapement system since water froze in the wintertime. There is a working model of di Dondi’s clock in the Smithsonian Institute.

  41. The inner workings of a clock in Salisbury, England

  42. Clock fever While some of the earliest European clocks, such as the town clock in Prague, continued to chart the heavens for astrological purposes, Europeans scaled them down just to keep daily time

  43. Is it us keeping time…. The first clock recorded as just striking equal hours was in Milan in the early 1300's. From then on, it was a matter of pride for every medieval town to have its own clock tower, and they appeared in rapid succession in Genoa (1353), Florence (1354), Bologna (1356), Ferrara (1362), and Paris (1370). Sighisoara,Romania Milan St Albans, England Ottery, England

  44. …or time keeping us? However, it was the clock in Paris that triggered a real turning point for Western Civilization in 1370 when Charles V of France ordered churches to ring their bells on the hour in coordination with the clocks, thus subordinating the Church’s schedule to that of secular business. While Charles may have thought that he was capturing time, to a large extent time was capturing us, tying us to ever more precise schedules over the coming centuries so we know exactly when we have to get up, be at work, eat lunch, get off work, pick up the kids at soccer practice, and get to watch our favorite TV show. I could continue this list, but I don’t have time.

  45. Clocks and clock-like devices even started showing up in medieval art, indicating a more mechanistic view of the universe centuries before Newton’s work. Along those lines, there was an emerging cultural mindset that was tuned into mechanical principles and how to exploit them. Even more striking was an expectation, replacing the static unchanging view of the universe that such innovations would keep coming indefinitely. In short, people were starting to think in terms of something called progress.

  46. "Never will we find truth if we content ourselves with what is already known... Those things that have been written before us are not laws but guides. The truth is open to all, for it is not yet totally possessed."--Gilbert de Tournai (c.1200-1284) "Not all the arts have been found; we shall never see an end of finding them. Everyday one could discover a new art...It is not 20 years since there was discovered the art of making eyeglasses which help one to see well, an art which is one of the best and most necessary in the world. And that is such a short time ago that a new art which had never before existed was invented..."--Fra Giordano (1306) "We are as dwarfs mounted on the shoulders of giants, so that although we perceived many more things than they, it is not because our vision is more piercing or our stature higher, but because we are carried and elevated higher thanks to their gigantic size."--Bernard of Chartres (c.1115)

  47. FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Q: Why not China? • -Irrig Need authoritarian govt. • Tech seen as a threat • Grk. waterwheels • -Horiz-1hp 10% efficient • -Undershot  2-3hp/20-30%efficient • -Overshot  5-7hp/50-70% efficient • 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, • some w/5 or more mills • - Cam & crank •  Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind • glass, polish metal spin silk; bore • holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, • sugar, & malt • - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur • - 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's • - “Lord”= loaf giver • -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day • - 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km • - Other power sources • - 120 windmills by Ypres • - Tidal mills • 1690 - 80k flour, 15k indus & 500 • iron mills in France • -1st clocks w/7 faces for astrology • - Giovanni di Dondi- 1st Eur. clock Labor shortage so far from society  Start using water wheels Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion  Multitude of jobs done with water power More ideas for new uses of technology Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s Adoption of the clock in W. Eur. Adoption of the clock in W. Eur. Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64) Invention of clock in China (FC.57) Invention of clock in China (FC.57)

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