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Biotechnology

Biotechnology. The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products. Biotech Language/Procedures. Genetic Engineering - the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

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Biotechnology

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  1. Biotechnology The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products.

  2. Biotech Language/Procedures • Genetic Engineering- the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. • Recombinant DNA- DNA molecules formed when segments of DNA from two different sources- often different species- are combined in vitro.

  3. DNA Cloning • Plasmid- small circular DNA molecule that replicate separately from bacterial chromosome. • Gene Cloning- production of multiple copies of a single gene. • Used to amplify a particular gene or produce a specific protein.

  4. Fig. 20-2 Cell containing geneof interest Bacterium 1 Gene inserted intoplasmid Bacterialchromosome Plasmid Gene ofinterest RecombinantDNA (plasmid) DNA of chromosome 2 Plasmid put intobacterial cell Recombinantbacterium 3 Host cell grown in cultureto form a clone of cellscontaining the “cloned”gene of interest Gene ofInterest Protein expressedby gene of interest Copies of gene Protein harvested Basic research andvarious applications 4 Basicresearchon protein Basicresearchon gene Gene used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants Protein dissolvesblood clots in heartattack therapy Human growth hor-mone treats stuntedgrowth

  5. Restriction Enzymes • Restriction Enzymes- cut DNA molecules at specific locations. • Protect DNA by cutting up foreign DNA from other organisms or phages. • Sticky Ends- single stranded end of restriction fragment. • DNA Ligase- seal sticky ends together.

  6. Biotech Techniques • Gel Electrophoresis- a technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge. • Produces a DNA fingerprint or genetic profile.

  7. Techniques • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- DNA is amplified and copied many times in a test tube.

  8. Warm Up Exercise • What determines how the DNA fragments separate in gel electrophoresis? • What happens in PCR (polymerase chain reaction)? • What do restriction enzymes do?

  9. Detecting Gene Expression • DNA Microarray Assays- detects and measures expression of genes

  10. Cloning Plants • Totipotent- a cell that can give rise to all the specialized types of the organism. (plants)

  11. Cloning • Nuclear Transplantation- removes the nucleus from an unfertilized egg and replaces it with the nucleus of a differentiated cell.

  12. Stem Cells • Stem Cells- unspecialized cells that reproduce indefinitely and can differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types. • Embryonic stem cells are considered pluripotent, because they are capable of differentiating into many cell types.

  13. Gene Therapy • Gene Therapy- introducing genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes.

  14. Manipulating DNA

  15. Terms • in vitro • Totipotent • Pluripotent • Stem cell • Gene therapy • Transgenic • Genetic profile • Genetically modified

  16. Genetically Modified Products

  17. Exit Slip • On a sheet of paper, respond to the question posed at the end of this morning’s reading: • Would you eat meat that came from a cloned animal? • Also, how do you feel about genetically modified agricultural products? • Do you think they are a good thing, and could eliminate some world hunger problems or do you worry that they have been treated with too many antibiotics and are a potential health threat? Provide any additional comments you wish.

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