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Community Ecology Campbell Chapters 54-55

“ We must consider our planet to be on loan from our children, rather than being a gift from our ancestors ” , G.H. Brundtland (former Prime Minister of Norway). Community Ecology Campbell Chapters 54-55. (Part I). LE 54-2. Tertiary consumers. Microorganisms and other detritivores.

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Community Ecology Campbell Chapters 54-55

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  1. “We must consider our planet to be on loan from our children, rather than being a gift from our ancestors”, G.H. Brundtland (former Prime Minister of Norway)

  2. Community EcologyCampbell Chapters 54-55 (Part I)

  3. LE 54-2 Tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores Secondary consumers Primary consumers Detritus Primary producers Heat Key Chemical cycling Sun Energy flow

  4. Quaternary consumers Carnivore Carnivore Tertiary consumers LE 53-12 Carnivore Carnivore Secondary consumers Carnivore Carnivore Primary consumers Herbivore Zooplankton Primary producers Plant Phytoplankton A terrestrial food chain A marine food chain

  5. Tertiary consumers 10 J Secondary consumers 100 J Primary consumers 1,000 J Primary producers 10,000 J Figure 54.11 1,000,000 J of sunlight Pyramids of Production • This loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain • Can be represented by a pyramid of net production

  6. Plant material eaten by caterpillar 200 J Cellular respiration 67 J 100 J Feces 33 J Figure 54.10 Growth (new biomass) Production Efficiency • When a caterpillar feeds on a plant leaf • Only about one-sixth of the energy in the leaf is used for secondary production

  7. Production Efficiency

  8. Food Web: network of feeding relationships

  9. Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm Concentration of PCBs Smelt 1.04 ppm Zooplankton 0.123 ppm Phytoplankton 0.025 ppm Figure 54.23 • In biological magnification • Toxins concentrate at higher trophic levels because at these levels biomass tends to be lower

  10. Ecological succession in Massachusetts . . . • Ferns and Grasses • Shrubs • White pine • Hardwoods (maple, oak, hickory, and some birches) • Hemlock and Beech

  11. A. insolitususually percheson shady branches. A. ricordii A. distichus perches on fence posts and other sunny surfaces. A. insolitus A. alinigar A. christophei A. distichus A. cybotes A. etheridgei Figure 53.3 Resource Partitioning • Resource partitioning is the differentiation of niches – no two species can occupy the same niche.

  12. Community Interactions • Mimicry • Parasitism • Commensalism • Coevolution (Yucca moth and Yucca plant) • Predator/prey • Mutualism • Symbiosis • Exotic species

  13. Figure 53.5 • Cryptic coloration, or camouflage • Makes prey difficult to spot

  14. Figure 53.6 • Aposematic coloration • Warns predators to stay away from prey

  15. (b) Green parrot snake (a) Hawkmoth larva Figure 53.7a, b • In Batesian mimicry • A palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

  16. (a) Cuckoo bee (b) Yellow jacket Figure 53.8a, b • In Müllerian mimicry • Two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

  17. Parasitism – one species benefits while the other is harmed Braconid wasps parasitizing a tomato horn worm

  18. In commensalism • One species benefits and the other is not affected Ex. Bird nests in trees

  19. Mutualism – both species benefit

  20. Keystone Species • Keystone species • Are not necessarily abundant in a community • Exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches

  21. With Pisaster (control) 20 15 Number of species present 10 Without Pisaster (experimental) 5 0 1963 ´70 ´71 ´73 ´64 ´65 ´69 ´66 ´72 ´67 ´68 (b) When Pisaster was removed from an intertidal zone, mussels eventually took over the rock face and eliminated most other invertebrates and algae. In a control area from which Pisaster was not removed, there was little change in species diversity. (a) The sea star Pisaster ochraceous feeds preferentially on mussels but will consume other invertebrates. • Field studies of sea stars • Exhibit their role as a keystone species in intertidal communities Figure 53.16a,b

  22. Invasive species!

  23. Artificial corridors

  24. THE CARBON CYCLE THE WATER CYCLE CO2 in atmosphere Transport over land Photosynthesis Solar energy Cellular respiration Net movement of water vapor by wind Precipitation over land Precipitation over ocean Evaporation from ocean Burning of fossil fuels and wood Evapotranspiration from land Higher-level consumers Primary consumers Percolation through soil Carbon compounds in water Detritus Runoff and groundwater Decomposition Figure 54.17 Biogeochemical Cycles • The water cycle and the carbon cycle

  25. THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE THE NITROGEN CYCLE N2 in atmosphere Rain Plants Weathering of rocks Geologic uplift Runoff Assimilation Denitrifying bacteria Consumption NO3 Sedimentation Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes Plant uptake of PO43 Decomposers Nitrifying bacteria Soil Nitrification Leaching Ammonification NO2  NH3 NH4+ Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrifying bacteria Decomposition Figure 54.17 • The nitrogen cycle and the phosphorous cycle

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