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Study of the Unconscious Mind

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Study of the Unconscious Mind

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    1. Study of the Unconscious Mind Anton Mesmer Amand Marie Jacques de Chastenet Hippolyte Bernheim Jean Martin Charcot Sigmund Freud Influence in World War I

    2. Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)

    3. Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) Used magnets to treat illness First patient was a 27-year-old female, Fraulein Osterlin (1773-1774)

    4. Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) Used magnets to treat illness Believed all things possessed “animal magnetism”, a very fine, invisible fluid

    5. Mesmer’s system Animal magnetism fills the universe and forms a connection between humans, the earth, and heavenly bodies Disease originates from the unequal distribution of animal magnetism Certain techniques can channel, store, or convey animal magnetism

    6. Mesmer’s System Treated patients individually or in groups Invented the “baquet” to treat groups Used animal magnetism to induce trance states, in which the disease could be diagnosed and treated Known as “mesmerism”

    7. Mesmer’s System Rejected by main-stream physicians and scientists 1784 – Commission appointed by King Louis XVI of France to investigate mesmerism Commission included Benjamin Franklin Commission concluded that mesmerism resulted from “suggestion”, not movement of magnetic fluids

    8. Amand Marie Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis de Puysegur (1751-1825)

    9. Puysegur Student of Mesmer Eventually rejected the theory of animal magnetism Believed effects were due to psychological mechanisms

    10. “I believe in the existence within myself of a power. From this belief derives my will to exert it. The entire doctrine of animal magnetism is contained in the two words: Believe and want. I believe that I have the power to set into action the vital principle of my fellow-men; I want to make use of it; this is all my science and all my means.”

    11. Puysegur Recognized a new form of trance state, called “magnetic somnambulism” or “artificial somnambulism” Later named “hypnosis” by James Braid (1842)

    12. Hypnosis Two schools in the study of hypnosis emerged: The Nancy School: Led by Hippolyte Bernheim (1840-1919) The Salpetriere School: Led by Jean-Martin Charcot (1835-1893)

    13. Bernheim Argued that hypnosis was a normal, non-pathological state Suggestion: “the aptitude to transform an idea into an act” Present in all humans to different degrees Same results could be induced in a waking state – referred to as “psychotherapeutics”

    14. Charcot Argued that the trance states associated with hypnosis were associated with pathology Studied hysterical patients at Salpetriere Hospital Used hypnosis to remove (and induce) hysterical symptomatology

    15. Clinical Conditions Hysteria Multiple Personality Disorder Shell Shock

    16. Hysteria Originally believed to only affect women (originated in the uterus) Paul Briquet Hysteria could occur in both women and men

    17. Charcot Believed hysteria was a disease caused by degeneration of the nervous system, coupled with trauma The disease emerged when a congenitally weak nervous system was exposed to severe physical or emotional trauma

    18. Railway Spine Hysterical disorder appearing in those injured in railway accidents First identified by John Erichsen in 1865

    19. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

    20. The Case of Anna O. Patient of Joseph Breuer from 1880-1882 Real name was Bertha Pappenheim “Spontaneous hypnosis” Symptoms were alleviated by recollections during this altered state Emotional trauma at the root of all hysterias

    21. Seduction Hypothesis Neuroses (and hysteria) rooted in sexual trauma/conflict Originally viewed the trauma as real – later argued the trauma was fantasy (1897) Central were the Oedipal and Electra Complexes

    22. Psychoanalysis Treatment for hysteria and neuroses involved uncovering of unconscious conflict Bringing conflict to consciousness allowed catharsis to occur

    23. Multiple Personality Disorder Presence of more than one identity in different states of consciousness Identified a number of types: Mutually cognizant Mutually amnestic One-way amnestic

    24. World War I Fought between 1914 and 1918 Germany & Austria-Hungary Britain, France, Russia, and U.S.

    25. W. H. R. Rivers (1864-1922) Physician at the Craiglockhart Hospital Pioneered the use of psychotherapy for “shell-shock” Shell-shock: dissociative condition caused by severe trauma Differed from Freud with regard to sexual genesis Treated through catharsis Gave rise to the modern concept of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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