Write on target. We can even answer rhetorical questions.

1. Write on target. We can even answer rhetorical questions. 458-1455 writingcenter.tamu.edu

2. Writing Abstracts

3. What Is an Abstract? • A concise description of a longer document, which… • highlights the major points • describes the content and scope of the document • reviews the contents of the document in a restricted form

4. Audience Researchers Conference organizers Conference attendees Readers of articles, posters, or reports

5. Uses for Abstracts Researchers use databases of abstracts to decide which documents they should read more closely. Organizers decide who should be on the conference program. Attendees read abstracts on a program to decide what to attend. Readers decide whether to continue reading an article, poster, or report.

6. Not All Abstracts Are Alike • Descriptive • Informative Check the style guide or the instructions to authors for the conference or publication you are targeting. They may have specific guidelines and may instruct you to include additional information. http://images.amazon.com/images/P/160329024

8. Descriptive Abstracts • Introduce the subject in 70-200 words • Include the purpose, methods (or theoretical construction), and scope of the work • Could use the IM of IMRAD (Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion) • Omit results, conclusions, recommendations • Key phrases: “This paper reports” “It includes” “It summarizes”

9. Sample: Descriptive Abstract This study investigated the effectiveness of Calibrated Peer Review (CPR ) ™ in a senior-level biochemistry class for improving students’ ability to write scientific abstracts. The CPR process for feedback was compared with Teaching Assistant-generated feedback. Statistical analyses of three assignments by 50 students and a separate analysis of the abstract written by 256 students were used to measure differences in writing quality for each type of feedback. From: “Development of Student Writing in Biochemistry Using Calibrated Peer Review,” by YashaHartberg, AdeletBarisGunersel, Nancy Simpson and Valerie Balester, Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. 2008.

10. Abstract Variations • Arise from Style Requirements: • Publisher’s Preferences • Grant-Specific Instructions • Conference/Organizations’ Guidelines • Professors’ Instructions • Check if your targeted audience has specifications for abstracts. If so, follow those guidelines exactly!

11. Abstract Variations (Examples) Ex. 1. (Journal of Nutrition) The abstract must be a single paragraph of no more than 250 words summarizing the relevant problem addressed by the study and the theory or hypothesis that guided the research. The abstract should include the study design/methodology and clear statements of the results, conclusions and importance of the findings. Three to five key words for indexing purposes must be listed at the end of the abstract. Ex. 2. (Journal of Molecular and Cellular Biology) Limit the abstract to 200 words or fewer and concisely summarize the basic content of the paper without presenting extensive experimental details. Avoid abbreviations and references, and do not include diagrams. When it is essential to include a reference, use the same format as shown for the Reference section but omit the article title. Because the abstract will be published separately by abstracting services, it must be complete and understandable without reference to the text.

12. Sample: Descriptive Abstract This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints movements face when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi. Purpose – The purpose is clearly outlined and defined. The author does include extra details such as the dates and what he hopes to achieve (to clarify) but is concise enough to not distract. Scope – The author describes what is included, what data is analyzed. Additionally he mentions how he does this (part of the method). From: Kenneth Tait Andrews, "'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984" Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998.

13. Informative Abstracts • Include the purpose, methods (or theoretical construction), and scope of work • Include results, conclusions, recommendations • IMRAD could serve as a model (Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion) • From a paragraph to a page or two, depending upon the length of the original work being abstracted

14. Sample Informative Abstract This study investigated the effectiveness of Calibrated Peer Review (CPR ) ™ in a senior-level biochemistry class to improve students’ ability to write scientific abstracts. The writing quality of scientific abstracts composed with feedback from CPR was compared with the writing quality of abstracts composed with Teaching Assistant-generated feedback. Statistical analyses of three assignments by 50 students indicated significant differences between CPR and Teaching Assistant feedback on student writing quality. While scores of students who received Teaching Assistant feedback decreased, scores of students who used CPR improved. Students also progressed over the course of a semester in CPR-generated measures of their reviewing abilities. From: “Development of Student Writing in Biochemistry Using Calibrated Peer Review,” by Yasha Hartberg, Adelet Baris Gunersel, Nancy Simpson and Valerie Balester, Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. 2008.

15. Guidelines for Writing Abstracts • Make the abstract as informative as the nature of the document will permit, so that readers may decide, quickly and accurately, whether they need to read the entire document. • Make the abstract easy to read and use. • Use familiar words. If unfamiliar words and jargon are necessary, concisely define them. • Give expanded versions of lesser known abbreviations and acronyms, and verbalize all visual symbols that may be unfamiliar to readers of the abstract. • Avoid colloquial language. • Use short sentences, but vary sentence structure so the abstract doesn’t sound choppy. • Use complete sentences. Don’t omit articles or other little words in an effort to save space. • If the abstract is very long (e.g. an informative abstract of 400-600 words), divide it into several paragraphs • Verify that all quantitative or qualitative information used in the abstract agrees with the information contained in the full text of the document.

16. Guidelines for Writing Abstracts • Be concise. • Rephrase ideas from the original document to condense the idea into fewer words. • Use standard abbreviations. • Give information only once. • Unless otherwise instructed, use the past tense. • Avoid prepositional phrases. Use adjectives/adverbs & precise nouns/verbs to replace prepositional phrases. • Use lists and parallel clauses. • Be exact and unambiguous. If you’re abstracting someone else’s article and the article itself is unclear, use exact quotes from the article in quotation marks. • Avoid including background information or citing the work of others in the abstract, unless the study is a replication or evaluation of their work. If you must include the work of others in the abstract, be sure to properly cite it.

17. Texas A&M Thesis Office Abstract Requirements • Should be an informative abstract. • Include all of the elements of your dissertation or thesis. • State the problem and methods in the first paragraph. • Subsequent paragraphs discuss research and results. • The abstract must not be longer than 350 words. • To view a model abstract, download the Texas A&M thesis manual found on the Texas A&M Thesis Office web site at thesis.tamu.edu.

19. Key Words Abstracts must contain key words about what is essential in the main document. Key words are used to search databases. These are the terms the database uses to file and retrieve the abstract. Review your abstract for potential key words that someone researching the topic can use.

20. Qualities of a Good Abstract • Presents the document’s purpose, method, results, conclusion, and recommendations, in that order • Provides logical connections or transitions between sentences • Is comprehensible to a wide audience • Is direct, concise, and clear

21. Writing the Abstract • Check for guidelines provided by the organization or journal you are writing for. • Be thoroughly familiar with the document you are abstracting. Reread the work. • In each major section of the document you are abstracting, highlight key information. In many disciplines, this means introduction, methods, results, and discussion. • Compile the highlighted information into a single paragraph. • Write a rough draft without looking back at the original. Be sure to paraphrase.

22. Revise Your Draft Check to be sure you did not leave out anything important or add anything not included in the document. Delete extraneous words or phrases. Correct weaknesses in organization and improve transitions. Count the number of words.

23. Checklist Have you included the following? • Subject • Scope • Purpose • Methods (or other disciplinary research process) • Results (if required) • Recommendations, • implications, or significance(if required) • Key words

24. Webliography Phillip Koopman.“How to Write an Abstract.” http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essays abstract.html University of Toronto.“The Abstract.” http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/abstract University Writing Center TAMU. “Abstracts.” http://writingcenter.tamu.edu/content/view/2/76/

25. Don’t Forget We are here to help with any of your writing concerns. Check us out on… 214 Evans Library | 205 West Campus Library writingcenter.tamu.edu | 979-458-1455