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Unit 4: The Chinese Revolution

Unit 4: The Chinese Revolution. 中国革命. AOS 1: 1898-1949. 1898 – 1911: Q ing Dynasty 1911 - 1927: Era of the Warlords 1927 – 1949: Republic of China (Guomindang). AOS 1: 1898-1949. SECTION A: SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

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Unit 4: The Chinese Revolution

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  1. Unit 4: The Chinese Revolution 中国革命

  2. AOS 1: 1898-1949 • 1898 – 1911: Qing Dynasty • 1911 - 1927: Era of the Warlords • 1927 – 1949: Republic of China (Guomindang)

  3. AOS 1: 1898-1949 • SECTION A: SHORT ANSWER QUESTION Common Questions: Sun YatSen, Boxer Rebellion, Era of the Warlords, Jianxi, Long March and Yan’an or a timeframe

  4. AOS 1: 1898-1949 • Section B: Document Analysis This slide has been modified and some images Removed. Please download past exams from 2005 to 2009 that have been included in past exams

  5. Fall of the Qing: External • H umilations (from various foreign powers): • O pium • M issionaries • E xtraterritoriality • F engshui (the breaking of) • A nnexations • C oncessions • T reaty Ports • S pheres of Influence

  6. Fall of the Qing: Internal • 1898: Hundred Day Reforms • 1900: Boxer Rebellion • 1905: Formation of Tongmenghui • 1907: Death of Cixi & Guangxu • 1911: Railway Recovery Movement • 1911: Wuchang/Wuhan Uprising

  7. Hundred Day Reforms • 1898: Hundred Day Reforms • Japan used as model of reform (Meiji Restoration) • Kang Youwei as advocate for reform • Pushed through by Emperor Guangxu lasting 103 days • B udgeting • E ducation • R ailways • P olitics • S implification of Laws • Squashed by Cixi Significance: Any last chance China had to reform had been lost

  8. Boxer Rebellion • 1900 (13/6): Boxer Rebellion • Instead Cixi throws her support Yihetuan (Righteous & Harmonious Fists) • 1901 (7/9): Boxer Protocols • Further humiliation “Cixi’s support of the Boxers had proved as unwise as it had been ineffective.”- Michael Lynch Significance: Qing had very few supporters – drastic/hopeless attempt at gaining support by Cixi…

  9. Cixi “On the whole, the Qing reforms fulfilled the hopes of very few.” - Patricia Buckley Ebrey “Her ruthlessness was a proverbial as her extravagance” John Robottom “This rule of an autocratic and reactionary woman … was the main reason why no modernisation could be effected.” – C.P Fitzgerald BUT Sterling Seagrave reassessed how much historians relied on in particular Kang Youwei & Edmund Backhouse. “… A very entertaining caricature, but its is completely phoney.”

  10. Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-Sen) • 1905: Forms the Tongmenghui (Common Alliance League) • San Min Zhuyi (3 People’s Principles • Nationalism • Democracy • People’s Livelihood • Tongmenghui funded a series of popular rebellions against the Qing between 1908-11: All failed, but it set a precedent. • Significance: Gave China an alternative to the Qing dynasty

  11. Wuchang Uprising • 1907: Pu-yi becomes child emperor • Significance: continued weak leadership • By 1911 all it would take is a little spark to topple the Qing • Wuchang/Wuhan Uprising • 1/1/1912: Sun Yixian declared provisional president of the new republic

  12. Yuan Shikai • Given presidency by Sun to guarantee abdication of Puyi • Quickly betrays the revolution • Effectively bans the GMD • 1915: 21 Demands to Japan • Significance: continued rule of corruption • Upon his death China splits into different regions ruled by warlords

  13. May Fourth Movement • Triggered by the Versailles Treaty in 1919 • Part of the larger New Cultural Movement • More Patriotic movement compared to the 1911 Revolution which was anti-Manchu rather than Pro-China • Use of ‘ideas’ as weapons. • Therefore big growth in study of new ideas including western ideas • No coincidence: growth in GMD popularity and formation of the CCP • Significance: helped produce the two parties that were to fight for control of China (both with the aim of unity)

  14. Formation of the CCP • Li Dazhao (Beijing University) founded a Marxist study group in 1918. • Both Mao Zedong (his assistant) and Chen Duxiu were converted. • Li and Chen establish the CCP and first meeting of 13 delegates held in Shanghai 1921. • Nan Chen, Bei Li. (Southern Chen Northern Li)

  15. First United Front • Sun-Joffe declaration 26 Jan 1923 • CCP members would become members under the GMD (only CCP 420 members in 1923) • 3 Communists (out of 24) given seat in central executive • Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) sent to Moscow for military training and later founding of Huangpu military academy

  16. Northern Expedition • By 1927: Communists have 57,000 members • Spurred out by events in major cities • Death of Sun 11 March 1925 • By 1926 Jiang had outmaneuvered main opponents • In 1926 Jiang launches Northern Expedition to unify China

  17. Shanghai Massacre • Jiang turns on the Communists in Shanghai 26 March 1927 • Significance: change in CCP organisation & leadership • Jiang consolidates control over China

  18. Jianxi Soviet

  19. Jianxi Soviet • Because of failed uprisings (spurred out by Stalin) CCP forced to establish Soviet bases in rural regions • Zhu and Mao establish Jianxi Soviet (Jinggangshan then Ruijin) • Land Reforms • 3 million people Significance: provided a framework for future revolutionary work

  20. Red Army • Red Army Rules of Conduct • Prompt obedience to orders • No confiscation from poor peasants • Return all borrowed articles • Replace damaged articles • Struggle to the death against the enemy Significance: Positive alternative to previous armies & governments

  21. The Long March

  22. The Long March • Encirclement Campaigns • Zunyi • Propaganda & Luding Bridge (Dadu River) • Snow Mountains & Eastern High Grasslands • Arrival at Shaan-Gan-Ning Soviet (Shaanxi later renamed Yen’an)

  23. Zunyi • Was Mao undisputed leader? “The Zunyi meeting … inaugurated a new central leaderhip with Comrade Mao Zedong at its head.” – Liu Po-cheng “Mao was not made chief of either the Party or the army at Zunyi … he became a member of the Secretariat.” – Jon Halliday

  24. Propaganda & Luding Bridge • “When they saw the soldiers coming, they panicked and fled…” – Sun Shuyun • “The best estimations give a figure of 15,000 dead and 30,000 unexplained … the majority almost certainly deserted.” – Sun Shuyun (on Xiang River)

  25. Significance • They survived • Mao = undisputed leader • Propaganda victory • Yan’an as strategic base

  26. Yan'an & WWII • Yan'an Way • Mass Line • Red Army • Three Thirds • Continuous Revolution • On New Democracy • Rectification Campaign Significance: Mao further develops his revolutionary ideas with relatively low resistance from Japanese • Xi’an Incident & Second United Front • Sino-Japanese War (WWII) 1937-1945 Significance: Chiang forced to deal with the bulk of Japanese military

  27. Yan'an & WWII • “Behind the Japanese lines the Communist-led guerillas remained virtually alone…” – Stuart Schram • “The Japanese sought to take over the coastal cities … they had to defeat mainly Nationalist, not Communist forces…” – Jack Gray

  28. Civil War • Did Jiang lose the Civil War or did the CCP steal China away from him • “The speed of the takeover was the result of the completeness of the demoralisation, disintegration and collapse of the Nationalist regime.” – PichonLoh

  29. AOS 2: (1949-1976) • Early Reforms & the Korean War • Hundred Flowers Campaign • The Great Leap Forward • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

  30. AOS 2: 1949-1976 • SECTION A: DOCUMENT ANALYSIS • Mao on the GPCR • JD Spence on the launch of the GPCR • Nine Commentaries of the Communist Party (GLF) • Speech from Mao (100FC) • Lee Feigon on the Great Leap Forward • SECTION B: Essay 2009 SE: Jenner states that ‘almost everyone . . . had learned to be afraid’. How had society been affected by the Revolution? Use evidence to support your answer.

  31. Early Reforms • Political: New Party and Government Structures • 3 tier process: PRC, CCP & PLA – Mao as chairman of both PRC & CCP • Liu Shaoqi as Vice Chairman, Zhou Enlai as Premier, Deng Xiaoping as Secretary-General of the Secretariat and PengDehuai as head of PLA • Economic: • Curbed inflation rates • Land redistribution (fanshen & Speak Bitterness) “Between 2 and 5 million landlords may have been executed.” Jasper Becker • First Five Year Plan • Social: • Marriage Laws 1 May 1950. Also Cleanliness and Public Health Drives

  32. Early Reforms • Korean War • Mao: “China has stood up!” • Made China more reliant on USSR for assistance “The Korean War was a mistake, 100% wrong” – Mao

  33. Early Reforms • Internal Impact • San Fan (3 Antis Campaign) 1951 • Graft, Waste and Bureaucracy (anyone with Western ties, unsuitable backgrounds and resistance to change) • Wu Fan (5 Antis Campaign) 1952 • Bribery, Tax evasion, Theft of State Property, Cheating on Government Contracts (excessive profits) and Industrial Espionage) ** Extension of Mao’s rectification campaign: ruined many lives! For Tens of Thousands it meant Mass Struggle and Self-Criticism, for more it meant quick trials and execution. “The Campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries burned white-hot.” – Philip Short “Many capitalists simply turned red when the heat went on…” Ross Terrill

  34. Early Reforms • “The new regime was authoritarian and often repressive.” – Maurice Meisner • “Once the state was secure, Mao began the systematic terrorization of the population.” – Jon Halliday BUT • “For most [of the population] it was a better world.” J.W Esherick

  35. 100 Flowers Campaign • Jack Gray: “China would be inoculated with a benign form of the Hungarian distemper, and so saved from the real disease.” • Campaign Relaunch: March 1957 • Anti-Rightist Movement: May 1957

  36. Great Leap Forward • Mao’s drive for more improvements after the first five year plan • Typified by: • Backyard Steel Production • Agricultural Experimentation & Failure (Lysenkoism, close planting & deep ploughing) • Four Pests Campaign • Large Scale (Peoples) Communes (inc. kitchens & entertainment) • Large scale projects • Result: Famine! 30 million deaths estimated

  37. Great Leap Forward “The Great Leap Forward was an epoch-making success.” – Wilfred Burchett “Heavy Losses” – Edgar Snow “China was starving.” Harrison Salisbury “An all-time first-class manmade famine … The GLF had played itself out as a Mao-made catastrophe.” – John Fairbank

  38. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1961-1976 • Mao’s attempt to regain power after Wuhan Plenum of 1958 • Bombard the Headquarters: Beginning of Mao’s turn on the party • Red Guard – “to rebel is justified” • Uni students, high school students and later workers. • Lin Biao’s attack on the four olds. • CHIC: Customs, Habits, Ideas, Cultures • Little red book • Rallies at Tiananmen square • Resulted in factional fighting • Targeting of teachers and principals and anyone who represented “old ways”

  39. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1961-1976 • Soon turned onto any of Mao’s opposition • The Gang of Four

  40. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1961-1976 • No.1 and No.2 capitalist roaders (Lin & Deng) • Use of the Red Guard to remove any opposition to Mao!

  41. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1961-1976 • Once Mao again in full power again turns on those who supported him: students • Students sent out to countryside to learn from the grassroots of socialism (peasants) • Fall of Lin Biao: Failed coup & dies 13/9/1971 • 1976 (year of the dragon); Zhou 1/8; Zhu 6/6; Mao 9/9 • Gang of Four arrested October 6

  42. Historiography • Maoist View: Mao, Edgar Snow • Marxist View: will not really need in the exam – interesting for period between 1921 & 1936) • Western Liberal View: Michael Lynch, Stuart Schram, Immanuel Hsu, C.P Fitzgerald • Revisionist View: typified by authors such as Harrison Salisbury, Sun Shuyun, Jon Halliday (with his wife Jung Chang), Jack Gray and Philip Short

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