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John Gamache NOAA/AOML/Hurricane Research Division

Automated Quality Control and Analysis of NOAA WP-3D Airborne Doppler Data and its Use during the 2005 Hurricane Season. John Gamache NOAA/AOML/Hurricane Research Division. WP-3D Aircraft and their Radars. Vertically scanning X-band Doppler radar aboard the NOAA P-3 Aircraft NOAA Antenna.

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John Gamache NOAA/AOML/Hurricane Research Division

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  1. Automated Quality Control and Analysis of NOAA WP-3D Airborne Doppler Data and its Use during the 2005 Hurricane Season John Gamache NOAA/AOML/Hurricane Research Division

  2. WP-3D Aircraft and their Radars

  3. Vertically scanning X-band Doppler radar aboard the NOAA P-3 Aircraft NOAA Antenna

  4. Radar Characteristics • 3.22 cm wavelength--X band • Beam width normal to scanning is 1.35 deg--1 km resolution at 40 km--long range horizontal resolution • Beam width along scan is 1.9 degrees--translates to 1 km at 30 km range or 2 km at 60 km range--long-range vertical resolution • Radial (along beam) resolution is 150 m. This is the resolution directly above and below the aircraft.

  5. JHT Project: Real-Time Dissemination of Hurricane Wind Fields Determined from Airborne Doppler Radar DataProject officially ended June 30 2005 Goals: • To demonstrate capability to automatically quality control airborne Doppler data well enough that they may be assimilated in “real-time”, and also used to produce analyses of the hurricane core winds--demonstrated in 2004 • To demonstrate capability to produce three-dimensional wind analyses in real time on the aircraft--demonstrated in 2004 • To demonstrate capability to transmit the analyses to the NHC/TPC--demonstrated in 2005 • To demonstrate transmission of the quality-controlled Doppler radial-velocity data to EMC for assimilation into HWRF--real time quality control has been done but transmission presently severely limited by bandwidth

  6. HRD Software Prior to JHT • Three-dimensional variational analysis of winds from airborne Doppler radar data • Higher resolution radius height cross-section of wind along the inbound and outbound legs

  7. Development Required for JHT Project • Automated Quality Control of Raw Doppler Data (completed) • Software to generate batch job files (completed, although present implementation may still require too much operator input--improved in last 2 months) • Software to generate output files that can be transmitted off the aircraft by SATCOM to TPC (completed) and EMC (completed but not yet transmitted) • Path to TPC (completed, but will be revised to make more operational) and EMC (not yet completed)

  8. Variational Analysis--Minimize the following simultaneously: • The difference between the projection of wind analysis on the Doppler radials and the original Doppler radial velocities. • The three-dimensional mass divergence (analestic approximation). • Second derivative in all three directions, as well as cross derivatives. This is a smoother and should be given a light weight. • Difference between vertical wind at vertical boundaries, and wind-analysis vertical wind.

  9. Doppler projection equations Anelastic mass-continuity equation

  10. Filtering:

  11. Bottom boundary condition: Top boundary condition: where ijk= 0 if ijk does not represent a top boundary, ijk = 1 if ijk does represent a top boundary.

  12. The total cost function F is then given by: For every point ijk there are three equations: and If there are Np points then the system to be solved will have 3Np equations. After solution points not constrained by data are flagged.

  13. Bousquet and Chong (1998)

  14. Doppler de-aliasing/unfolding • Doppler velocity comes from phase shift (maximum unambiguous phase shift is -  to + ). •  usually represents 20 m/s or Nyquist velocity (VN). 21 m/s away from the Doppler radar will be interpreted as19 m/s (-19 m/s) toward the radar. • Thus VRobs = VDop + 2n * (VN). De-aliasing or unfolding means determining n at each radar bin. • Bargen-Brown de-aliasing consists of using the average of several radar bins inward from the present bin to determine the most likely value of n at the present bin. First bin determined from wind measured at radar. • This will even operate with a gap in data, although the process then becomes more unreliable.

  15. Automatic quality control • Remove data with high velocity spectral width • Remove reflection of main- and side-lobe by sea surface • Remove isolated speckles which can fool the automatic Doppler unfolding process • Use single ray “Bargen-Brown” automatic unfolding • Use a full sweep de-aliasing method developed at HRD • Produce a wavenumber 0 and 1 analysis of wind velocity • Use low-wavenumber analysis to improve “Bargen-Brown” and sweep dealiasing and further quality control • Interpolate quality-controlled sweeps into three-dimensional cartesian analysis and higher-resolution radial-vertical cross-sections

  16. Doppler Radial Velocity Hurricane Humberto 232855 UTC 23 Sep 2001

  17. 96 km 96 km -96 km -96 km 96 km 96 km 0 45 90 m/s 0.5 km altitude 1.0 km altitude First Pass--Wave No. 0 and 1 total wind speed Hurricane Katrina 28 August 2005 North-south distance from center East-west distance from center

  18. 96 km 96 km -96 km -96 km 96 km 96 km 0 45 90 m/s 0.5 km altitude 1.0 km altitude Second Pass--Fully 3D cartesian analysis Hurricane Katrina 28 August 2005 North-south distance from center East-west distance from center

  19. height 0 km 96 km radius Radius-height cross-section of total wind speed Hurricane Katrina 1725-1818 UTC 28 August 2005 18 km 0 m/s 30 90 m/s 60 58 175 kts 117

  20. height 0 km 96 km radius Radius-height cross-section of radial wind speed Hurricane Katrina 1725-1818 UTC 28 August 2005 18 km -40 -20 0 20 40 m/s

  21. Doppler Wind Profile - 28 Aug 1725-1820 UTC 12 km SW NE Flight Level 1 km Doppler Wind Profile - 29 Aug 1000-1040 UTC 12 km W NE Flight Level 1 km Dramatic 12-h change in Katrina Wind Profile: CAT5-CAT3

  22. Products produced on aircraft • Three-dimensional wind field centered on storm center domain: (44 x 44 x 37), resolution: (3-5 km x 3-5 km x .5 km) variables: horizontal and vertical wind velocity, radar reflectivity • Radial-vertical cross-sections of wind along the average azimuth flown outward from the storm center domain: (59 x 121), resolution (1.5 km radial, 150 m vertical) variables: tangential, radial, vertical, and total wind speed • Trimmed set of quality-controlled Doppler radial-velocity measurements

  23. Products transmitted from aircraft via SATCOM in 2005 • u- and v-components of wind at 0.5- and 1.0-km levels (1640 and 3280 ft) sent in knots as 4 gzipped ASCII text files (4-5 km horizontal resolution • Inbound and outbound vertical-radial profiles of total wind speed (1.5 km radial resolution, .15 km vertical resolution, out to 88 km)

  24. Wind speed in m/s at 1-km altitude Hurricane Ivan 12 September 1115-1145 UTC (digital camera picture of N43RF airborne workstation)

  25. 40 Real-time analyses transmitted in 2005 • Hurricane Katrina--14 analyses 25 August (Florida Landfall)--5, 27 August--4, 28 August--5 • Hurricane Ophelia--13 analyses 8 September--2, 9 September--3 11 September--6, 12 September--2 (Extratropical Transition)16 September--1, 17 September--1 • Hurricane Rita--6 analyses 20 September--1, 21 September--4, 22 September--1 • Hurricane Wilma--7 analyses 22 October--5, 23 October--2 • Higher resolution post-season analysis of all 2005 cases except Gert can be found in the data section at: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd

  26. 27 27 26 26 -89 -89 -88 -88 Real-time 1600-ft analysis of Hurricane Katrina Wind 1725 - 1818 UTC, 28 August 2005 wind in knots

  27. 10,000 ft Azimuth 045 from center height Hurricane Katrina 1725-1818 UTC 28 Aug 2005 169 kt Real-time Radius-height Profile of total wind speed Azimuth 225 from center 0 nm 50 nm Radial distance (nm) 168 kt

  28. dBZ dBZ dBZ dBZ dBZ dBZ m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s Sonde - Doppler total-wind-speed intercomparison Hurricane Katrina 28 August 2005 Sonde Doppler Wind Radar reflecitivity

  29. Comparison for all drops on 28 August 2005 by NOAA 43 with real time airborne Doppler analysis (0.5 - 1.0 km layer) *note--nearly all drops are eyewall (wind max) drops where wind variability is high • Radial wind mean difference (sonde – Doppler): -6.7 m/s -13.0 kts • Tangential wind mean difference (sonde – Doppler): -1.5 m/s -2.9 kts • Wind speed mean difference (sonde – Doppler): -0.4 m/s -0.8 kts • Radial wind RMS difference: 13.6 m/s 26.4 kts • Tangential wind RMS difference: 7.5 m/s 14.6 kts • Wind speed RMS difference: 6.4 m/s 12.4 kts

  30. Comparison of all NOAA drops in 2004 with automatic quick-look airborne Doppler analyses (from 0.5 km to flight level) *note--nearly all drops are eyewall (wind max) drops where wind variability is high Radial wind mean difference (sonde – Doppler): -1.4 m/s -2.7 kts Tangential wind mean difference (sonde – Doppler): 0.2 m/s 0.4 kts Wind speed mean difference (sonde – Doppler): 0.8 m/s 1.6 kts Radial wind RMS difference: 7.3 m/s 14.2 kts Tangential wind RMS difference: 6.0 m/s 11.7 kts Wind speed RMS difference: 6.2 m/s 12.1 kts

  31. Future work • Automatically determine navigational coordinates for analysis (with some help from operator) • Extend analysis beyond ~100 km from storm center--make it work more effectively with no well defined center (disturbances and depressions)--mainly involves allowing larger radial gaps in data in weaker systems with much weaker velocity gradients • With faster link in future--run analysis and quality software on the ground • Assimilation testing in HWRF • Determine errors in radial velocity better.

  32. 6 9 Aircraft & Aerosonde Plots/Ophelia 16 Aug, 2005

  33. 6 9 Aerosonde/Doppler radar Ophelia 20050916 Doppler radar analysis at time of closest approach of Aerosonde to wind center and just after WP-3D SFMR penetration across the eye.

  34. 6 6 9 9 6 9 NE Aerosonde/Doppler 20050916 Nominal Aerosonde ht: 2500 ft (~.75 km) Real-time Doppler winds and vertical profiles SW

  35. East-west distance from center (km) East-west distance from center (km) 96 North-south distance from center (km) North-south distance from center (km) 0 0 45 45 90 m/s 90 m/s -96 96 Hurricane Wilma 1900-1945 UTC 23 October 2005 Total Wind Speed 0.5 km altitude 1.0 km altitude 96 -96 96

  36. East-west distance from center (km) East-west distance from center (km) 96 96 North-south distance from center (km) North-south distance from center (km) 0 0 45 45 90 m/s 90 m/s -96 -96 96 96 Hurricane Wilma 2025-2110 UTC 23 October 2005 Total Wind Speed 0.5 km altitude 1.0 km altitude

  37. East-west distance from center (km) East-west distance from center (km) 96 96 North-south distance from center (km) North-south distance from center (km) 0 0 45 45 90 m/s 90 m/s -96 -96 96 96 Hurricane Wilma 23 October 2005 Total Wind Speed at 3.0 km altitude 1900-1945 UTC 2025-2110 UTC

  38. 18 Height (km) 0 96 Radial distance from center (km) 0 45 90 m/s Hurricane Wilma 1920-1945 UTC Radius-height cross-section along Azimuth 045 23 October 2005 Total Wind Speed

  39. 18 Height (km) 0 96 Radial distance from center (km) 0 45 90 m/s Hurricane Wilma 2047-2110 UTC Radial-vertical cross-section along azimuth 135 23 October 2005 Total Wind Speed

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