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UNIT 3 : The clause complex as a combination of clauses and process configurations

Explore the combination of clauses and process configurations in parataxis and hypotaxis, and learn about expansion, elaboration, extension, and enhancement.

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UNIT 3 : The clause complex as a combination of clauses and process configurations

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  1. UNIT 3:The clause complex as a combination of clauses and process configurations

  2. parataxis TAXIS hypotaxis elaboration extension expansion LOGICO SEMANTIC TYPE enhancement CLAUSE idea projection locution

  3. TWO WAYS OF EXPANDING THE MESSAGE PARATAXIS We refer to clauses as being initiating or continuing. HYPOTAXIS We refer to clauses as being ‘dominant’ or ‘dependent’ CLAUSE COMPLEX

  4. THE CLAUSE COMPLEX TWO OR MORE UNITS RELATED THROUGH PARATAXIS OR HYPOTAXIS

  5. PARATAXIS HYPOTAXIS Relation between clauses of unequal grammatical status Relation between clauses of equal grammatical status dominant Dependent/Hypotactic

  6. It refers to the dependency status of clauses in a complex TAXIS system of interdependency

  7. PARATAXIS • one clause follows on from another. 1. JUXTAPOSITION 2. COORDINATION 3. LINKING BY CONJUNCTIONS LIKE “SO” OR “YET” • Representedby cardinal numbers • 1,2,3…

  8. The analysis 1 She is Lisa ; she is my best friend. 2 1 She is Lisa and she is my best friend. 2 1 She is my best friend so I consider her my ‘sister’. 2

  9. HYPOTAXIS • one clause depends on another. • RepresentedbyGreekletters: •  dominantclause • b d e...  hypotacticclause

  10. The analysis b Since she is my best friend, a I love spending time with her. a Lisa shows me her friendship b by always giving me her support. b Going home, a I met Lisa. a Lisa has to study hard b if she wants to pass the exam.

  11. Practice: Parataxis and Hypotaxis identified (i)Sam bought the tickets and Sue parked the car. (ii) Sam bought the tickets while Sue parked the car. (iii) Highwalking is largely safe, but there are risks. (iv) There are risks in highwalking and we have to educate people about these risks. (v)We have to educate people about the risks in highwalking, if we are going to improve safety. (vi) A boy saved the life of his siblings yesterday, when fire broke out at their homes. (vii) He is the greatest artist I’ve ever known; his art is indeed unsurpassed.

  12. A I 1 Sam bought the tickets II 2 and Sue parked the car. B I α Sam bought the tickets II β while Sue parked the car. C I 1 Highwalking is largely safe, 2 but there are risks. II D I 1 There are risks in highwalking II 2 and we have to educate people about these risks.

  13. We have to educate people about the risks in highwalking, E I α II if we are set on improving safety. β F A boy saved the life of his siblings yesterday, I α II β when fire broke out at their homes. G I 1 He is the greatest artist [[ I’ve ever known]]; II 2 his art is indeed unsurpassed

  14. LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS They represent the way the speaker sees the connections to be made between one clause and another.

  15. EXPANSION ELABORATION EXTENSION ENHANCEMENT PROJECTION LOCUTIONS IDEAS TWO KINDS OF LOGICAL RELATIONS

  16. EXPANSION It links processes by providing additional information in three different ways:

  17. ELABORATION In an elaborating complex an initial clause is restated, exemplified, commented on or further specified by another. It is represented with an equal sign:=

  18. ELABORATION The second clause is a sort of paraphrase or afterthought of the first. You can think of Elaboration as the “that is to say” relationship This stew is awful, = it’s too salty She came to the meeting with her dog,=which surprised everybody

  19. ELABORATION Four types of relationship are involved : • specification • restatement • exemplification • comment

  20. Specification This test is difficult; it’s too long and has several questions we have not discussed in class. This test is difficult; it’s too long and has several questions we have not discussed in class. =

  21. Restatement This test is difficult; it’s really complicated. This test is difficult; = it’s really complicated.

  22. Exemplification I’ve played in several orchestras; I’ve played in the Darwin Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia. I’ve played in several orchestras; I’ve played in the Darwin Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia. =

  23. Comment Tom has refused to help us, which shows that he is still angry. Tom has refused to help us, which shows that he is still angry. =

  24. EXTENSION This extends the meaning of one clause by adding something new. The second clause adds a new, but related meaning to the first. It involves “and”, “but” and “or”.

  25. EXTENSION Extension is less frequently realised in combination with hypotaxis. Typical hypotactic linkers are: while, whereas, without, instead of , rather than, except for, apart from, as well as, besides .

  26. EXTENSION It is marked by a + sign I play a French horn and my sister plays oboe + I could practise this evening or I could lazily watch TV +

  27. Besides doing embroidery and playing tennis, she sings in a choir. + I will watch TV this evening + instead of studying for the exam. He left, + slamming the door behind him.

  28. ENHANCEMENT The meanings included as enhancement are those of time, place, manner, cause, concession and condition. Enhancement is most frequently found in combination with hypotaxis, although paratactic links with ‘so’ and ‘and then’ are common.

  29. ENHANCEMENT It is marked through an x sign I lectured all day, x then, I went to rehearsal We didn’t have rehearsal on Monday because it was a public holiday x

  30. Temporal Cook the meat x until it is tender I lectured all day and then went to the rehearsal. x Conditional I will go to the party provided that he comes along. x Practise regularly; or else you won’t make as much progress as you want to. x

  31. Causal (reason/purpose) He was very tired as he had worked all day long. x He had worked all day long, x so he was very tired. She studied hard in order that her parents would be proud of her. x

  32. Concessive In spite of being only 10 years old, x he is very considerate and thoughtful. He is only 10 years old; x yet/still he is very considerate and thoughtful. Spatial She was welcome wherever we went. x They stopped x wherever night fell.

  33. Manner I’m developing a more pleasing sound by changing my embouchure. x He is getting ahead in life (by) working hard. x

  34. parataxis 1 2 3… TAXIS hypotaxis a b d e… TO SUM UP elaboration = LOGICO Expansion extension + SEMANTIC enhancement x RELATIONS Projection

  35. TAXIS & EXPANSION A I 1 She is Lisa ; she is my best friend. II = 2 B I This test is difficult; It’s really complicated 1 II = 2 C I 1 This test is difficult; it’s too long and has several questions [[we have not discussed in class.]] II = 2 1 III + 2

  36. PRACTICE Apply the syntactic and L-S analysis to the following clause complexes. 1.If it’s in your family, you must consult a doctor or you will endanger future generations. A I x b If it’s in your family, II a 1 You must consult a doctor, III + 2 or you will endanger future generations.

  37. 1.- Subsequently released, he escaped to England. 2.- Secure the clamp plate to cylinder block and connect the LT and HT leads to coil and plugs. 3.- The high-tension (HT) cables should be kept clean by wiping them periodically with a petrol soaked cloth. 4.- Jogging is bad for you; it jars your spine and damages your feet when you run on a hard surface, which can be a problem for life.

  38. PROJECTION It links clauses by having one process projected through another either by quoting or reporting. It occurs through Mental and Verbal processes. LOCUTIONS occur after verbal processes. IDEAS occur after mental processes

  39. A projected locution is marked with “ The conductor said: “ “the next concert is in July” A projected idea is marked with ‘ I thought‘ that the next concert was in July

  40. TAXIS & PROJECTION A I He said 1 II “ 2 “I will never surrender”. B I a He said II “ b that he would never surrender C I a He asked “ b II whether/if they would surrender. D I 1 He said/ordered II “ 2 “Go to the park”. E I a He told us/commanded us/ordered us II “ b to go to the park.

  41. The babysitter said “don’t make a noise when you come in tonight” A I II III 1 “ 2 a x b B I II “ 1 ” Toxic algae is poisoning our drinking water”, health experts warned yesterday. 2 C a Water companies claim that there is no threat to public health once drinking supplies have been filtered. I II III “ b a x b

  42. A I II He thought 1 ‘ 2 ‘What a good idea!’ B I II He thought a ‘ b that was a good idea. C I II 1 He thought to himself ‘ 2 ‘Keep quiet!’ D I II a He wanted ‘ b his friends to help.

  43. parataxis 1 2 3… TAXIS hypotaxis a b d e… elaboration = LOGICO Expansion extension + SEMANTIC enhancement x RELATIONS locutions “ Projection ideas ‘ TO SUM UP

  44. PRACTICE • ‘I’m sorry to interrupt you in this vital discussion,’ said Annie. • They asked if they could state their case, which was quite a straightforward one but the director just said, “you’ll have to ask John; he’s the boss. • Notices, which warn water-sports enthusiasts of the danger, have been already posted at most of the reservoirs. They have also been posted at 78 other lakes and rivers. • 4. ‘Won’t you sit down for a minute?’ Annie said to the official. • 5. Fiona asked Geoffrey why he wasn’t wearing a sports jacket

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