Chapter 20

1. Chapter 20 U.S. History 2

2. 20.1 A Clash of Values • 20.2 Cultural Innovations • 20.3 African American Culture

3. 20.1 A Clash of Values • Nativism Resurges • Controlling Immigration • The New Morality • The Fundamentalist Movement • Prohibition

4. Nativism Resurges • In the 1920s, racism and nativism increased. • Immigrants, returning soldiers, and women competed for jobs.

5. Nativism Resurges • Ethnic prejudice was the basis of the Sacco and Vanzetti case. • The two immigrant men were accused of murder and theft. • They were thought to be anarchists, or opposed to all forms of government. • They were sentenced to death. • In 1927, they were executed still proclaiming their innocence.

6. Nativism Resurges • Eugenics, the false science of the improvement of hereditary traits, was used to support arguments against immigration. • The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) led the movement to restrict immigration. • This new Klan targeted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and others.

7. Nativism Resurges • By 1924, the KKK had over 4 million members throughout the nation. • Scandals and poor leadership led to the decline of the Klan in the late 1920s. • Politicians supported by the Klan were voted out of office.

8. Controlling Immigration • In 1921 President Harding signed the Emergency Quota Act. • It limited immigration to 3 percent of the total number of people in any ethnic group already living in the U.S. • This discriminated heavily against southern and eastern Europeans.

9. Controlling Immigration • The National Origins Act of 1924 made immigrant restriction a permanent policy. • The act lowered the quotas to 2 percent of each national group living in the U.S. in 1890. • The act exempted immigrants from the Western Hemisphere from the quotas.

10. Controlling Immigration • The immigration acts reduced the labor pool in the U.S. • Mexican immigrants began pouring into the U.S. to find work and leave the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

11. The New Morality • A “new morality” challenged traditional ideas and glorified youth and personal freedom. • New ideas about marriage, work, and pleasure affected the way people lived. • Women entered the workforce, earned their own livings, or attended college.

12. The New Morality • The automobile opened up new opportunities for Americans.

13. The New Morality • The flapper, a young, dramatic, stylish, and unconventional woman, exemplified the change in women’s behavior. • She smoked cigarettes, drank illegal liquor, and wore revealing clothes. • Professionally, women advanced in science, medicine, law, and literature.

14. The Fundamentalist Movement • Fundamentalism, a religious movement opposed to the “new moraiity,” emerged. • The Fundamentalists rejected Darwin’s theory of evolution. • They believed in creationism–that God created the world as described in the Bible. Charles Darwin

15. The Fundamentalist Movement • In 1925 Tennessee passed the Butler Act, which made it illegal to teach evolution, • Evolutionists and creationists debated in the Scopes Trial. • The ACLU asked John T. Scopes, a biology teacher, to challenge the Butler Act by teaching evolution. John T. Scopes

16. The Fundamentalist Movement • After being arrested and put on trial, Scopes was found guilty, but the case was later overturned. • William Jennings Bryan led the prosecution. • After the trial, many fundamentalists withdrew from political activism. William Jennings Bryan

17. Prohibition • The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited alcohol. • It was intended to reduce unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty. • The VolsteadAct made the enforcement of Prohibition the responsibility of the U.S. Treasury Department.

18. Prohibition • Until the 1900s, policepowers–a government’s power to control people and property in the public’s interest, had been the job of the state governments. • Americans ignored the laws of Prohibition.

19. Prohibition • Organized crime became big business. • In 1933, the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment ended Prohibition.

20. 20.2 Cultural Innovations •  Art and Literature • Popular Culture

21. Art and Literature • During the 1920s, Americans began challenging traditional ideas and customs. • The artistic and unconventional, or Bohemian, lifestyle attracted artists and writers. • Manhattan’s Greenwich Village and Chicago’s South Side were considered centers of creativity, enlightenment, and freedom.

22. Art and Literature • The European art movement influenced American modernist artists. • Artists chose to express the modern experience in diverse manners. • Writing styles and subject matter varied. • Chicago poet CarlSandburg used common speech to glorify the Midwest and American life. • Playwright Eugene O’Neill’s work focused on the search for meaning in modern society. CarlSandburg

23. Popular Culture • The 1920s were a time of economic prosperity for Americans. • Leisure time was spent enjoying sports, music, theater, and entertainment. • Radio, motion pictures, and newspapers gave rise to a new interest in sports.

24. Popular Culture • BabeRuth, heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey, and others became famous celebrity athletes. • Motion pictures became increasingly popular. • The first “talking” picture, The Jazz Singer, was made in 1927.

25. Popular Culture • The golden age of Hollywood began. • The massmedia–radio, movies, newspapers, and magazines–helped break down the focus on local interests. • Mass media helped unify the nation and spread new ideas and attitudes.

26. 20.3 African American Culture • The Harlem Renaissance • African American Politics

27. The Harlem Renaissance • The GreatMigration occurred when thousands of blacks from South moved to Northern cities. • New York City’s African American neighborhood of Harlem stimulated artistic development, racial pride, a sense of community, and political organization. • This became known as the Harlem Renaissance.

28. The Harlem Renaissance • Writer ClaudeMcKay became the first important writer of the Harlem Renaissance. • His work expressed defiance and contempt of racism, which were very strong writing characteristics of this time. • LangstonHughes became the leading voice of the African American experience in the U.S.

29. The Harlem Renaissance • LouisArmstrong introduced jazz, a style of music influenced by Dixieland music and ragtime. • He became the first great cornet and trumpet soloist in jazz music. • Musician Duke Ellington and others started their careers in Harlem at the CottonClub.

30. The Harlem Renaissance • BessieSmith sang about love, poverty, and oppression, which were common in blues music. • The blues evolved from African American spirituals.

31. African American Politics • African Americans created powerful voting blocs, which impacted election results in the North. • Oscar DePriest was elected as the first black representative from the North after African Americans voted as a block. • The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) battled against segregation and discrimination.

32. African American Politics • The NAACP supported anti-lynching legislation, which passed the House but failed in the Senate. • Jamaican black leader MarcusGarvey’s idea of “Negro Nationalism” glorified black culture and traditions. • He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which promoted black pride and unity.

33. African American Politics • He encouraged education for African Americans to gain economic and political power. • He also voiced the need for separation and independence from whites. • Garvey planned to create a settlement in Liberia in Africa for African Americans.

34. African American Politics • His plan caused middle class African Americans to distance themselves from him. • His ideas about black pride resurfaced during the civil rights movement in the 1960s.

35. Test Tomorrow!