Goal 9

1. Goal 9

2. Flappers • Young women who embraced the new fasions and urban attitude of the day. • They rebelled against the mores of their parents by wearing shorter skirts, shorter hairstyles, smoking, drinking, dancing, and dating without “adult” chaperones

3. 19th Amendment • 1920 • Finally granted women suffrage (the right to vote)in federal elections • Suffrage had been sought by women since the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848!

4. Women in the Workforce • Thousands of women began to enter the workforce during the 1920s,primarily in low-wage, low-skill jobs such as secretarial work, and as sales clerks and telephone operators • Most of these workers were single women seeking financial independence from their restrictive parents

5. Farmers • From 1930 – 36, a terrible drought, coupled with decades of damage to the topsoil led to farmers losing everything and were forced to move.

6. The Great Migration • Between 1910 and 1930, about 2 million blacks left the South in an effort to escape racism and to find good jobs in Northern and Midwestern cities • This migration continued into the 1970s, but has since reversed – today, many blacks are leaving the North and moving south

7. Harlem Renaissance • African-American cultural movement centered around the Harlem neighborhood of NYC • Included new literary, artistic, and musical styles which would go on to heavily influence American culture of the mid and late 20th century

8. the Middle Class • As corporations began to expand and have specialized departments such as sales, marketing, accounting, engineering, and management, the number of people living at the middle-class level grew tremendously

9. Sports • Many spectator sports were extremely popular, including golf, tennis, boxing, and swimming • Baseballhad become “America’s pass time” • Footballbegan to gain prominence with the founding of the National Football League (NFL) in 1920

10. Hollywood Escapism • people desperately wanted to escape their troubles, even if only for a few hours • Movies offered a cheap form of escapism (most theaters were also heated and air-conditioned as well, allowing people to escape the chill or swelter of their apartments!)

11. Radio Serials • Many people’s chief form of entertainment was the radio, which featured episodic programming much like television does today,including such action characters as the Green Hornet and Lone Ranger, as well as numerous “soap operas” (dramatic programming aimed at women and usually sponsored by laundry soap companies)

12. Prohibition Era • 1920 – 1933 • With passage of the 18th Amendment, it became illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell alcoholic beverages in the US • Prohibition led to a dramatic increase in crime and decrease in tax revenue • Era ended with the passage of the 21st Amendment which repealed Prohibition

13. Pp472, 481-3, 485 Isolationism=_______ __________________ __________________ __________________ Quota system=__________ 1924 law makes quotas Permanent______________ Which areas were severely Limited?_______________ ______________________ What groups are completely Excluded?______________ Rise of the Klan Year Klan revived?_________ What helped to increase its size?_________________ Membership change between 1922-24?________________ _______________________ New groups Klan focuses on? ________________________ State with highest membership? (Not in the South) World War I Nativism=____________ ____________________ ____________________ Communism Emerged in what country?__________ Leader=_________________________ What does communism mean? 1.______________________________ 2.______________________________ 3.______________________________ Color symbol of communism?_______ What American values do they dislike? _______________________________ _______________________________ Sacco and Vanzetti Who are they?____________ ________________________ What did they do?_________ ________________________ What happened to them? _______________________ Why is the case controversial? ________________________ Red Scare=_____________ ______________________ ______________________ Why does this happen? ______________________ ______________________ Schenck v. United States What did Schenck do?__________________________ Law broken?_________________________________ Why does Schenck feel his actions ok?_____________ “Clear and Present danger”=_____________________ Palmer Raids Who is Palmer?________________________________ Who are the “subversives”, dangerous to the country? _____________________________________________ What happens to the subversives? Suggestions?

14. Communism • Emerged in what country? Russia • Leader= Vladimir Lenin • What does communism mean? • 1. gov’t own all land/property • 2. single political party controls gov’t • 3. need of country over indivduals • Color symbol of communism? red • What American values do they dislike? • Capitalism, private ownership, first • amendment rights (freedom of speech)

15. Nativism & Isolationism • favoring native-born Americans over immigrants_ • US want to avoid involvement/alliances with foreign countries

16. Rise of the Ku Klux Klan • Year Klan revived? 1915 • What helped to increase itssize? Fundraising/publicity • Membership change 1922-24? • 100,000 to 4 million • New groups Klan focuses on?anyone not white/protestant • State with highest number of members? Indiana

17. Immigration Restrictions • Quota system= numerical limits • 1924 law makes quotas • permanent National Origins Act • Which areas were severely limited? Southern & eastern Europe • What groups are completely excluded? Japanese (& Chinese by Chinese Excl Act)

18. The Red Scare • = fear of communism and other • politically radical ideas • Why does this happen? • Russia wanted to expand • communism– US fear it would come here

19. Sacco and Vanzetti Case • Who are they? Italian immigrants • What did they do? Robbed & killed 2 men at shoe factory • What happened to them? Sentenced to death • Why is the case controversial? Many think they were only arrested because they were immigrants

20. Schenck v. United States • What did Schenck do? Sent letters telling men to not report for duty • Law broken? Espionage & Sedition Acts • Why does Schenck feel his actions ok? • 1st Amendment (freedom of speech) • “Clear and Present danger” = gov’t can silence free speech if for the safety of the nation (liken to yelling fire in a theater)

21. The Palmer Raids • Who is Palmer?A. Mitchell Palmer=Attorney General of US • Who are the “subversives” and why were they seen as dangerous to the country? People who they thought were planning to overthrow the gov’t– as a threat to US/democracy • What happens to the subversives? Thousands are arrested and many deported

22. Farmers in Crisis • Technological advances such as pesticides and tractors led to both higher crop yields and increased debt for farmers • Increased crop yields led to a drop in crop prices • Government efforts to help farmers were repeatedly vetoed by Pres. Coolidge, who believed in laissez-faire

23. Economic Boom & Bust

24. Warren G. Harding • 1865 – 1923 • 29th President (1921-3) • Elected on a campaign of a “Return to Normalcy” – a return to isolationism, less social reform, and increased economic growth • Harding was an honest man, but put too much trust in his friends and political allies, giving them positions in his cabinet • Died in office from a massive heart attack, possibly brought on by the stress of scandals

25. The Ohio Gang • Harding’s corrupt friends from back home came to be called the “Ohio Gang” • They abused their positions by accepting bribes, illegally selling government property • Harding was deeply embarrassed by the actions of his friends • Most notorious member was Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall

26. Teapot Dome Scandal • Sec. Fall had secretly leased federal lands to private oil companies in return for $300,000 in bribes • When the scandal broke, Fall became the first cabinet member to go to prison and Harding’s reputation was ruined

27. Calvin Coolidge • 1872 – 1933 • 30th President (1923-9) • Became President upon Harding’s death • Known as “Silent Cal” for his terse, serious manner • “The business of the American people is business”: Coolidge supported businesses and a laissez-faire economy

28. Andrew Mellon & the Mellon Program • 1855 – 1937 • Sec. of Treasury to 3 Presidents • His program included applying business principles to managing the federal budget • Believed that economic growth required balancing the budget, reducing the federal deficit, and cutting taxes

29. Economic Boom • Rise in the standard of living during the 1920s led to increased sales of consumer goods which in turn created more jobs • Mechanization of factories led to greater efficiency and a drop in prices for manufactured goods, further encouraging consumerism

30. Consumer Credit • For the first time, individuals began to regularly borrow money and go into debt to purchase consumer goods (cars, appliances, radios, etc.) because credit became easy to come by and carried no social stigma • Consumers began to use “installment plans” to buy expensive items

31. Welfare Capitalism • Companies began allowing workers to buy shares of stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive benefits such as medical care and pensions • This led to increased spending among the working class and less reliance on unions, since they no longer seemed necessary

32. Election of 1928 • Coolidge decided to not run for re-election, instead supporting his Sec. of Commerce Herbert Hoover as the Republican nominee • Democrats ran NY Gov. Alfred E. Smith, the first Catholic to run for President • Hoover won in a landslide

33. Herbert Hoover • 1874 – 1964 • 31st President (1929-33) • Took office at a time of unparalleled prosperity and optimism, but by the end of his presidency, the US was at the bottom of its deepest economic depression in history

34. Stock Speculation • A long period of growth in the stock market convinced millions of Americans to take a risk and invest in stocks • Investors began “buying on margin” – borrowing the money to buy stocks, believing those stocks would grow in value and allow them to easily repay the loans; but, if prices dropped, they panicked and sold quickly to avoid taking large losses

35. “Black Tuesday” • In late October, 1929 stock prices began to slip, triggering a mass sell-off as investors panicked • On Tuesday, Oct. 29 the bottom fell out – the market lost $15 billion in a single day • The market continued to plunge for the next 3 years and didn’t recover until after WWII – a period known as the “Great Depression”

36. Banking Collapse • Banks had made numerous loans to stock speculators and had also invested heavily themselves in the stock market • When the market collapsed, banks lost big and had to stop lending • With credit restricted, the economy went into a recession • Many banks could not absorb their losses and closed; people who had deposited their money in these banks lost everything – this caused further panic and people began to withdraw their money from banks

37. Hawley-Smoot Tariff • Tariff Act of 1930 • Government passed the 2nd highest tariff in US history in an attempt to protect US industry, but the tariff badly hurt the sale of US goods overseas as foreign nations raised their tariffs against the US • This worsened the US economic situation

38. Rugged Individualism or Direct Relief? • US had long believed in “rugged individualism” – the idea that it was up to the individual to take care of himself • As the economy collapsed and unemployment soared, people began to support the idea of “direct relief” – the government should act to help those who could no longer help themselves

39. Herbert Hoover

41. Dorothea Lange • 1895 – 1965 • Photojournalist • Lange's photographs humanized the tragic consequences of the Great Depression and profoundly influenced the development of documentary photography

42. Lange’s Photos

43. John Steinbeck • 1902 – 1968 • Author of The Grapes of Wrath, a Pulitzer Prize winning novel about the tragedies which befell his fictional family of Oklahoma farmers during the Dust Bowl • Also wrote Of Mice and Men, a story about the tragic relationship between two poor migrant farmers

44. Hoover’s Public Response • After “Black Tuesday,” Hoover worked hard to assure Americans that the economy would recover quickly • Hoover stepped up a propaganda campaign aimed at boosting consumer confidence

45. Hoover’s Private Response • Hoover, however, knew that the economy was extremely unstable • He held multiple meetings with business leaders trying to win pledges that factories would remain open, but to no avail

46. National Credit Corporation • Hoover tried to ease the nation’s credit crisis with the creation of the NCC • The NCC held a pool of private money that it could lend to banks so that banks could continue to offer loans; the NCC, however, never had enough cash to meet the demand and so was a failure

47. Reconstruction Finance Corporation • When the NCC failed, Hoover resorted to government lending • The RFC was created to make direct loans to banks & railroads • Even the RFC could not meet the demands for loans, and the economy continued to fail

48. Emergency Relief & Construction Act • In desperation, the government approved $1.5 billion in spending on public works projects and an additional $300 million to provide “direct relief” – money provided directly to families in need

49. Hunger Marches • Crowds of the unemployed and hungry began to hold large-scale demonstrations across the US • The largest was organized by the American Communist Party in Washington DC; protesters chanting “Feed the hungry, tax the rich” were blocked from marching by the police

50. Farmers Revolt • Meanwhile, desperate farmers began to destroy their crops and produce in an effort to increase prices • Some even resorted to burning their crops for heat in their home • Anger continued to grow as more and more farmers had their land foreclosed on by banks