Tool selection strategy for software-based visualization in technical academic argument work

1. 33 Tool selection strategyfor software-based visualizationin technical academic argument work Lawrie Hunter Kochi University of Technology http://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/

2. Please download this ppt from lawriehunter.com Many more are available at http:/lawriehunter.com/cv/presns/

3. Tool selection strategy for software-based visualization in technical academic argument work Lawrie Hunter, Kochi University of Technology, Japan Logic and argument have proven to be significant obstacles to second language English academic writing success, markedly so for research students from East Asian cultures. The technical research paper is a masked facsimile of an argument; thus novice technical academic writing tends to be formulaic, following document structure rather than argument structure. In this frame, novice writing of abstracts is problematic at the design level. Linear text is not a particularly supportive medium for technical academic argument work. Relations between concepts can be marked in text by rhetorical signals, but the conceptual load economies of visualization are not available. Mind maps, concept maps and rhetorical structure maps, which all embody a number of visual metaphors, are promising tools for the support of novice technical academic argument work. Software embodiments of the above mapping types are usually marketed without discussion of the information-structure related choices involved in the selection of map type and software. This paper, referring to Hunter's (2009) decision matrix, presents a negotiated strategic pathway to the selection of map type and software for technical academic writing task, taking the example of inferred argument of an informally reported study. Reference points in this pathway include Toulmin (1958), Cañas & Novak (2006) and Kowalski (2011). Cañas, A. J., & Novak, J.D. (2006) Re-examining the foundations for effective use of concept maps. In Cañas, A. J., & Novak, J.D. (Eds.), Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping. Hunter, L. (2009) A Decision Matrix for the Use of Mapping and Mapping Software. Presented at EuroCALL 2009. http://www.lawriehunter.com/presns/eurocall09/ Kowalski, R. (2011) Computational logic and human thinking. Cambridge UP. Toulmin, S. (1958) The Uses of Argument, Cambridge University Press.

4. Outline Background Argument Argument in linear text Marking relations Map types Mapping software design Task design: inferred argument Design choices: mapping types / tools

5. Background Maths teacher Guidance counsellor ESL maths teacher (Vancouver) EFL teacher Technical editor Super translation ESP professor (Tokyo, Tokushima, Kochi) Maths teacher trainer (Rabaul) ESL maths teacher (Cairns)

6. KUT scenario • Since 2002: • - Japanese government scholarships • - for foreign students • - in technical doctoral programmes. • ! Graduation requirements: • - 2+ refereed papers in top journals in 3 years • - NO extensions • - dissertation in English Further L2 acquisition to the point of near-independence during the study period is NOT a realistic strategy.

7. Design Scenario ESP EAP EY EZ EX TAW EAP HUMANITIES English for specific purposes English for academic purposes Technical academic writing

8. Possible approaches most TAWprograms work here grammar/surface features usage/convention most TAW writers start writing here (simulacrum of argument) document format argument supporting claim RP language generation should start here research design/results 8

9. TAW best practice Writing work focusing on argument and info-structures Niche language acquisition to near-independence in TAW Training in use of language models: Style Dossier Preparation for work with an editor Preparation for work with a mentor

10. KUT design 2012 Hunter, L. (2012) Technical Academic Writing. Minaminokaze Press.

11. Outline Background Argument Argument in linear text Marking relations Map types Mapping software design Task design: inferred argument Design choices: mapping types / tools

12. Argument Logic and argument - significant obstacles - second language English academic writing success - East Asian cultures. The technical research paper - masked facsimile of an argument Novice technical academic writing – formulaic, following document structure -not argument structure Novice writing of abstracts - problematic at the design level.

13. Outline Background Argument Argument in linear text Marking relations Map types Mapping software design Task design: inferred argument Design choices: mapping types / tools

14. Argument in linear text Linear text: -not a particularly supportive medium for technical academic argument work. -TAW learners are predominantly -reading for information -in a genre structure

15. Outline Background Argument Argument in linear text Marking relations Map types Mapping software design Task design: inferred argument Design choices: mapping types / tools

16. Marking relations in text Relations between concepts -can be marked in text by rhetorical signals. Text signalling of relations: -lacks the conceptual load economies of visualization.

17. Marking relations in text paragraph vs. cmap

18. Outline Background Argument Argument in linear text Marking relations Map types Mapping software design Task design: inferred argument Design choices: mapping types / tools

19. Map types Mind maps, concept maps and rhetorical structure maps - embody a number of visual metaphors -promising tools for the support of novice technical academic argument work.

20. Map types Mind maps Concept maps Rhetorical structure diagrams - embody a number of visual metaphors

22. Argument mapping Information structure mapping Syntactic mapping Grammatical mapping (pseudo) Association mapping Mind mapping á la Tony Buzan Mindmap links are all associations -i.e. zero granularity

23. Argument mapping Information structure mapping Syntactic mapping Grammatical mapping (pseudo) Association mapping Mind mapping Mindmap links are all associations -i.e. zero granularity

24. http://freemind.sourceforge.net/ FreeMind software

25. FreeMind software View online Mindmap links are all associations -i.e. zero granularity

26. Directed-link maps Argument mapping Information structure mapping Syntactic mapping Grammatical mapping (pseudo) Association mapping http://www.inspiration.com/

27. Textured-link* maps Boil a liquid Make steam Rotate turbines Generate electricity Argument mapping Information structure mapping seawater heat fossil or N-heat boil NH3 boil H2O ! Syntactic mapping OTEC plants older type plants steam 20C steam 500C ! Grammatical mapping (pseudo) low power high power ! Association mapping zero energy cost high energy cost *graphically textured

28. Textured-link* maps Argument mapping Information structure mapping Syntactic mapping Grammatical mapping (pseudo) Association mapping *textually textured

29. Textured-link maps (directed links) Argument mapping Information structure mapping Syntactic mapping Grammatical mapping (pseudo) Association mapping v

30. Outline Background Argument Argument in linear text Marking relations Map types Mapping software: design Task design: inferred argument Design choices: mapping types / tools

31. Mapping software: design Software embodiments of the above mapping types are usually marketed without discussion of the information-structure related choices involved in the selection of map type and software.

32. Outline Background Argument Argument in linear text Marking relations Map types Mapping software: design Task design: inferred argument Design choices: mapping types / tools

33. Task design: inferred argument the example of inferred argument of an informally reported study.

34. Sample argument map 34

35. Vancouver study play video clips subjects quickly decide measure reaction time, correctness random noise with stroke tennis strokes to right or left tennis strokes to right or left Findings of Vancouver study < reaction to video of tennis strokes reaction to video of tennis strokes random noise at time of stroke reaction timedecision errors Background Target behavior? complaints about grunting in pro tennis study of response time in tennis ISmaps with rhetorical frames: argument in Sinnett (2010) hunter systems

36. Target behavior? Grounds Modality Claim since Warrant on account of Backing Toulmin model of argument

37. Target behavior? Grounds Modality Claim since unless Warrant Rebuttal on account of Backing Enhanced Toulmin model of argument

38. Target behavior? Receiver makes more errors and is slower Server grunts during stroke in tennis It is highly likely that since White noise in video caused reaction error and slowness unless Video reaction is not equivalent to tennis reaction because White noise has the same effect as grunting Toulmin model of argument in Sinnett (2010)

39. Use only these links in your argument map

40. Target behavior Sinnett (2010) Novakian rhetoric map of argument in Sinnett (2010) claims that Server grunts during stroke in tennis cause receiver slowness and error assumes that is supported by Video reaction is equivalent to tennis reaction White noise is equivalent to grunts Subject error and slowness in video response with white noise bursts

41. Outline Background Argument Argument in linear text Marking relations Map types Mapping software design Task design: inferred argument Design choices: mapping types / tools

42. Design choices: mapping types Design choices: mapping tools present a negotiated strategic pathway to the selection of map type and software for technical academic writing task, referring to Hunter's (2009) decision matrix,

43. 2. Types of maps, info structuresQuantum levels of mapping Argument mapping Information structure mapping Syntactic mapping Association mapping Grammatical mapping (pseudo)

44. Hunter’s framework for text analysis

45. Hunter’s framework subsets Rhetorical analysis Structure analysis

46. References page 1 • Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. (2001). Working memory in perspective: Foreword. In J. Andrade (Ed.), Working memory in perspective (pp. xv-xix). Hove: Psychology Press. • Cañas, A. J., & Novak, J.D. (2006)Re-examining the foundations for effective use of concept maps. In Cañas, A. J., & Novak, J.D. (Eds.), Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concept Mapping. • Cañas, A. J., Hill, G., Carff, R., Suri, N., Lott, J., Eskridge, T., Gomez, G., Arroyo, M. and Carvajal, R. (2004) Cmaptools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment. Downloaded April 8, 2008 from http://cmc.ihmc.us/papers/cmc2004-283.pdf • Chandler, P. and J. Sweller (1992) The split-attention effect as a factor in the design of instruction. British Journal of Educational Psychology62: 233-246. • Chun, D. M. and Plass, J. L. 1997. Research on text comprehension in multimedia environments. Language learning and technology 1(1): 60-81. • Cmap tools. Institute for Human & Machine Cognition. http://cmap.ihmc.us/ • Dansereau, D.F. (2005) Node-Link Mapping Principles for Visualizing Knowledge and Information. In Tergan, S. and Keller, T. (Eds.) Node-Link Mapping Principles for Visualizing Knowledge and Information. Springer. 61-81. • Fulkerson, R. (1996) Teaching the argument in writing. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. • Goldman, S.R., & Rakestraw, J.A. (2000). Structural aspects of constructing meaning from text. In M.L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson, & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol. II, pp. 311-335). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. • Gopen, G.D. and Swan, J.A. (1990) The Science of Scientific Writing. American Scientist (Nov-Dec 1990), Volume 78, 550-558. Downloadable as a pdf from http://www.amstat.org/publications/jcgs/sci.pdf • Grow, G. (1996) Serving the strategic reader: cognitive reading theory
and its implications for 
the teaching of writing. Viewed June 30, 2007 at http://www.longleaf.net/ggrow/StrategicReader/index.html • Horn, R. E. (1998) Visual Language: Global Communication for the 21st Century. Bainbridge Island, WA: MacroVU Press. http://www.macrovu.com

47. References page 2 • Hunter L. (2005) Technical Hypertext Accessibility: Information Structures and Rhetorical Framing. Presentation at HyperText 2005, Salzburg. http://www.lawriehunter.com/presns/%20HT05poster0818.htm • Hunter, L. (2002) Information structure diagrams as link icons. Learning Technology 4(3) July 2002. ISSN 1438-0625. 2002. http://lttf.ieee.org/learn_tech/issues/july2002/index.html#1 • Hunter, L. (1998) Text nouveau, visible structure in text presentation. Computer Assisted Language Learning 11 (4) October 1998. • Mann, B. (1999) An introduction to rhetorical structure theory (RST). http://www.sil.org/mannb/rst/rintro99.htm • Moffett, J. (1992). Detecting growth in language. New Hampshire: Boynton/Cook. • Mohan, B.A. (1986) Language and content. Addison-Wesley. • Novak, J.D. and Cañas, A.J. (2006) The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct them. Report IHMC CmapTools 2006-01, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC), 2006. Viewed April 8, 2008 at http://cmap.ihmc.us/Publications/ResearchPapers/TheoryCmaps/TheoryUnderlyingConceptMaps.htm • Olive, Thierry (2004) Working memory in writing: Empirical evidence from the dual-task technique. European psychologist 9(1), pp. 32-42. Working paper downloaded from http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=15431008 • Shannon, C.E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Explained at http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/sw.html • Taboada, M. and Mann, W.C. (2006) Rhetorical Structure Theory: looking back and moving ahead. Discourse studies 8: 423-459 • Tufte, E.R. (1990) Envisioning information. Cheshire, CONN: Graphics Press. • Ueta, R., Hunter, L. & Ren, X. Text usability for non-native readers of English. Proceedings, Information Processing Society of Japan, Vol. 2003.7. Pp. 199-200.

48. Thank you for your attention. You can download this .ppt from http://www.lawriehunter.com/ It will be archived at http://www.lawriehunter.com/cv/presns/ Lawrie Hunter Kochi University of Technology http://www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/

49. Lawrie Hunter is a professor at Kochi University of Technology. His infostructure maps provide the underlying structure of "Critical Thinking" (Greene & Hunter, Asahi Press 2002) and "Thinking in English" (Hunter, Cengage 2008). His recent work with task constraint caused disarray at the 3rd Concept Mapping Conference in Tallinn/Helsinki. http://www.lawriehunter.com