Historical view

1. Historical view • Psychology come from the study of two disparate yet connected fields, Philosophy and biology.

2. Modern View • Psychology is the study of behavior (in its broadest context).

3. Philosophical view • The Platonic allegory of Cupid and Psyche, the passions that rule mankind.

4. Two ways at looking at man and how he interprets his world • Socratic/Platonic view. • All knowledge is already contained in the individual. • Do not use your sensory experience to understand the world around you.

5. Meno’s Slave • Through question and answer Socrates showed that an untrained slave could show he understood the relationship between the hypotenuse and the two sides of a square.

6. Cave allegory • Prisoners are chained to a wall. • They see shadows on the wall and depict this as real. • The shadows are only reflections of people before a fire outside the mouth of the cave. • Sensory experience causes illusions.

7. Aristotle • Use your sensory experience. • Tend to agree in most matters with Plato

8. Classical religious people • The soul as seen from the hands of Augustine. • For Augustine, it is virtually axiomatic that the human soul is both immaterial and immortal.

9. Augustine (cont.) • It is clear that Augustine is provides a dramatic account of moral transformation, one that stresses the role of intellectual discernment while at the same time highlighting his conviction that no amount of discernment is sufficient to account for what we might refer to, for want of a better phrase, as the phenomenology of internal moral conflict.

10. The concept of Will • In terms of this agonistic inner turmoil, the will is both present and emergent and is on an equal footing with our powers of rational discernment.

11. Aquinas • Man not only is intelligible but also intelligent; he is intelligent, because he make intelligent operations. The principle of these intelligent operations, therefore, must be the soul itself and not a separate intellect. • The form for man is one as is the form for any individual thing; in man this form is the rational soul. It is the principle of all operations, whether material or spiritual.

12. The issue for Psychology • What distinguishes the barbarian from non-barbarian?

13. The non-barbarian is locked in argument with his fellow non-barbarian.

14. What is the argument all about? • The answer to four specific questions.

15. Question 1 • The problem of knowledge: how is it that I know anything.

16. Types of knowing • Experiential knowledge • Intuitive knowledge

17. Question 2 • What does one know? • The problem of reason.

18. What is the one thing each of you know without error?

19. Your own existence.

20. Question 3 • How should I behave, i.e. origin of individual conduct (morality)?

21. Question 4 The problem of governance?

22. Continental Rationalist • Descartes - Cogito ergo sum • Spinoza – a pan theist • Leibnitz - co-developer of The Calculus • Kant – The Logic of Pure Reasoning • Hobbs – the only Brit in this group

23. British Empericist • Loch – association of ideas • Berkeley – all is perception • Hume - advanced Loch contiguity and reflection • Mills • Mills, J. S.

24. Wilhelm Wundt • Developed the first laboratory of Psychology • Defined as a Structuralist – what is the structure of human consciousness.

25. Scope of Psychology

26. Schools of Psychology • Behaviorism • Ethnologist (European) Watsonian –Uses classical conditioing Skinnerist

27. The organism as a whole • Gestalt Perception and Sensation • Clinical • Humanistic • Psychoanalytic • Functionalism

28. The emphasis: is looking at the organism • as a unit.