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The War Ends!. WORLD WAR I. America was finally in – Europeans celebrated in France and England Mobilization in the U.S. 4 million men enter military service 2 million went to France 1.4 million saw combat 56,000 died in combat 58,000 died of disease. U.S. Entry Breaks the Stalemate.
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WORLD WAR I • America was finally in – Europeans celebrated in France and England • Mobilization in the U.S. • 4 million men enter military service • 2 million went to France • 1.4 million saw combat • 56,000 died in combat • 58,000 died of disease
U.S. Entry Breaks the Stalemate • Americans in France • June1918, U.S. troops arrive in France in great numbers and were under the command of General John J. Pershing • American troops had an independent role and also helped British and French troops on Western Front • Strength & Energy of fresh U.S. troops broke the stalemate and turned the tide of the war toward the allies
Second Battle of the Marne • July 1918 -Turning point of WWI • Last German offensive and first allied victory of 1918 • 250,000 Americans fought • German attack failed whenAllied counterattack led by French and American forces overwhelmed the Germans.
Collapse of the German Front • German front began collapsing as the German people began to protest the war. • British naval blockades meant that the German people were starving and rioting. • In October 1918 the head of the German navy resigned and the German navy mutinied. • Kaiser Wilhelm II relinquished his power November 9, 1918 and the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.
Paris Peace Conference • Held at the Palace of Versailles; conference started on January 18, 1919. • Delegates representing 32 countries were attending • Allied powers were still struggling to solve their conflicts over peace treaties. • Major decisions were hammered out by the Big Four.
The Big Four • The Allied Leaders were known as the “Big Four.” They were: • President Woodrow Wilson – U.S. • Premier Georges Clemenceau – France • Prime Minister David Lloyd George – Britain • Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando – Italy • Russia, Germany, nor any of the Central Powers were not represented.
Wilson Plays Peace Maker • Wilson’s 14 Points • Points 1-5 were aimed at the war’s MAIN Causes: • No secret treaties/ alliances • Freedom of the seas • free trade • move towards ending colonialism/ imperialism • Points 6-13 were aimed at Self-Determination- allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live. • League of Nations- Wilson’s 14th Point and his most loved! • Goal would be to keep peace among nations.
Treaty of Versailles • Germany is forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, even though they received no input • Most angering was Article 231 – the War Guilt Clause – where Germany was forced to take the entire blame for the war • This meant that they would be forced to pay reparations for all damages from the war • The treaty adopted Wilson’s 14th point, and created the League of Nations.
The League of Nations • The League was to be an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations. • All member nations represented in the General Assembly and their was an International Court of Justice established in the Netherlands to hear complaints.
Wilson’s Return to U.S. • He sold the idea of the League to the Allies, but had more difficulty convincing the U.S. Senate. • Wilson was met with extreme opposition when he returned to the states as many wanted a return to isolationism. • Toured the country trying to gain support for the treaty but Henry Cabot Lodge (opponent) trailed him verbally attacking him along the way. • Wilson collapses from a stroke that paralyzes half his body on the tour. He spends the rest of his term in bed. • Congress not happy with Article X which morally bound the US to aid any member of the League of Nations who is victimized. Henry Cabot Lodge
The main points of the Treaty [BRAT] 1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war 2. Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war. Treaty of Versailles: “A Peace Built on Quick Sand!
The Treaty of Versailles • 3. Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.
Versailles continued… • 4. Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.
Germany is left in ruins… • After the war Germany was: • politically unstable (Kaiser Wilhelm flees country); • Poor -reparations payment was $4oo billion and they were expected to pay it back by 1988! • angry and betrayed; the Great Depression of the 1930s made it worse • looking for a hero…
Creation of New Nations • The Western Powers had signed different treaties in 1919 and 1920 with each of the other defeated nations: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. • New countries created out of Austria-Hungary: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. All of these countries were now recognized as independent nations. • The Ottoman Turks were forced to give up almost their entire empire, and only kept modern day Turkey.
End of World War I > Europe in 1919 http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/map01eu.htm
