Cellular Respiration

1. Cellular Respiration By Bobby Richardson, Cody Timmermann, Greg Kitterman, and Alex Halloran

2. Cellular Respiration is a complex process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds.

3. Glycolysis • Glycolysis is a pathway in which one six carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two three carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.

4. Step 1 • A molecule of glucose is converted into a new 6 carbon compound. Glucose 2 ATP CCCCCC 2 ADP

5. Step 2 • New 6 carbon compound split into two molecules of PGAL. 6- Carbon Compound P- CCCCCC -P

6. Step 3 • The two PGAL molecules are oxidized to produce two new three carbon compounds. 2 Molecules Of PGAL 2 NAD+ P- CCC CCC -P 2 NADH + 2H+

7. Step 4 • The new 3 carbon compounds are converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. 2 Phosphate 2 Molecules of 3- Carbon Compound P- CCC -P P- CCC -P

8. End Result • The final product of glycolysis is 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 4 ATP. 4 ADP 2 Molecules Of pyruvic acid 4 ATP CCC CCC

9. Aerobic Respiration • Aerobic respiration is an oxygen dependent pathway of ATP formation. With every breath of 02 you take you are supplying respiring cells with a fresh supply of 02 for aerobic respiration.

10. Krebs Cycle • The first stage of aerobic respiration is the krebs cycle. In the cycle pyruvate molecules are broken down to carbon dioxide and water by a series of enzyme- mediated steps.

11. Step 1 • Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to produce citric acid. CoA Citric Acid Acetyl CoA CC CCCCCC

12. Step 2 • Citric acid releases a CO2 molecule to form a five- carbon compound. 5- carbon compound CCCCCC NAD+ NADH + H+

13. Step 3 • The five- carbon compound releases a CO2 molecule to form a four- carbon compound. 4- carbon compound CCCC ADP + phosphate NAD+ ATP NADH + H+

14. Step 4 • The four- carbon compound is converted into a new four- carbon compound. FAD FADH2 4- carbon compound CCCC

15. Step 5 • The new four carbon compound is converted back into oxaloacetic acid. NAD+ NADH + H+ Oxaloacetic Acid And it restarts

16. 1 Glucose causes 2 turns of Krebs Cycle the 2 Turns of the Krebs Cycle produce 6 NAPH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP and 4 CO2 2 Glucose 2 Turns of Krebs cycle

17. Electron Transport Chain • The second stage of aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain. • The electron transport chain produces ATP.

18. NADH and FADH2 gives electrons to the chain and protons to the mitochondrial matrix to make ATP. The protons are used as a concentration gradient (much like the gradient in photosynthesis). At the end of this reaction O2 accepts the electrons and protons. H+ high concentration ATP synthase H e H e e H FADH2 FAD NAD+ NADH ATP ADP + iP O2 + 4e- + 4 H+ 2 H2O

19. Fermentation The combination of glycolysis plus additional pathways in anaerobic respiration.

20. 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP Ethanol 2 NADH 2 NAD+ 2 NADH +2H Alcoholic Fermentation • The Production of ethanol from a glucose molecule • This molecule is catalyzed by specific proteins 2 CO2 Glucose

21. LADP + 2Pi 2ATP Lactic Acid 2NAD 2NADH NADH + 2H NAD+ Lactic acid Fermentation • Lactic Acid is produced when NADH from glycolysis is oxidized from a glucose molecule Glucose