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Brain Development and Evolution

Brain Development and Evolution. Genetic Factors Underlie Human Behaviors. Genes Neurons Networks Behaviors. Neuroscience. The goal of neural science is to understand the mind – how we perceive, move, think, and remember. Eric Kandel Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000.

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Brain Development and Evolution

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  1. Brain Development and Evolution

  2. Genetic Factors Underlie Human Behaviors

  3. GenesNeuronsNetworksBehaviors

  4. Neuroscience The goal of neural science is to understand the mind – how we perceive, move, think, and remember. Eric Kandel Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000

  5. Behavior can be examined at the level of individual nerve cells by answeringfive basic questions. • How does the brain develop? • How do nerve cells in the brain communicate with one another? • How do different patterns of interconnections give rise to different perceptions and motor acts? • How is communication between neurons modified by experience? • How is that communication altered by diseases?

  6. Neural plate Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Neural groove Paraxial mesoderm Neural tube Paraxial mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm Somite Endoderm Notochord Development of Vertebrate Neural Tube

  7. Early Development of the Vertebrate Central Nervous System

  8. Hox Genes are Expressed in the Developing Neural Tube Hox b2 Hox b4

  9. The HOM/Hox Gene Clusters

  10. r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 Hoxb-1 Hoxb-2 Hoxb-3 Hoxb4 Kreisler Krox20 EphA4 EphA2 EphB2 EphB3 Ephrin B1 Ephrin B2 Ephrin B3 Hox genes Other transcription factors Eph kinases Ephrins Hindbrain is Segmented by Hox Genes Segmental Expression of Hindbrain Patterning Genes

  11. Somatic motor nuclei Visceral motor nuclei Oculomotor nerve (III) Midbrain Trochlear Nerve (iV) Hindbrain r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 Trigeminal Nerve (V) Facial Nerve (VII) AbducensNerve (VI) Grosso- pharyngeal Nerve (IX) Vegus, spinal accessory Nerve (X, XI) Hypoglossal Nerve (VII) Segmental Development of the Hindbrain Motor Neurons

  12. r2 v.s. r4 neurons Wild type Hoxb-1 Mutant Trigeminal nerve exit point Trigeminal motor neurons Trigeminal motor neurons r2 r2 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 Facial motor neurons Facial nerve exit point Trigeminal-like motor neurons r4 Hoxb-1 r4 r2 Mutation of Hoxb-1 Causes Homeotic Transformation of the Hindbrain Motor Neurons

  13. HOM/Hox Genes Fail to Cover the Most Anterior Region of the Central Nervous System. What Kind of Genes Specify the Brain??

  14. The Drosophila Central Nervous System is Segmented Green dots: cells expressing Engrailed, a segment-polarity gene Confocal micriscopy image of a fly embryo at stage 14

  15. ショウジョウバエ胚における分節遺伝子 engrailedの発現

  16. Fruit Fly Brain at Stage 14 (10 hours) Green: neurons. Red: Brain Specific Homeobox Protein. Blue：major axonal tracts stained with anti-FAS II

  17. Homeobox-Containing Genes, otd and ems, Control Segmental Organization of the Embryonic Fly Brain

  18. otd/Otx and ems/Emx Genes Control the Formation of the Vertebrate Brain

  19. Genetic Programs of Brain Development are Evolutionary Conserved between Flies and Vertebrates

  20. Structures of Drosophila, Human and Ascidian otd/Otx Genes タンパク構造の比較 ホメオドメインのアミノ酸配列の比較

  21. Human Otx Gene Restores Brain Patterning inDrosophila otd Mutant

  22. Rescue with Fly otd gene WT Otx-/- The Drosophila otd Genes Restores Brain Patterning in Mouse Otx Mutants Otx-/- WT Genetic Rescue with Fly otd gene

  23. Cross-Phylum Conservation of Major Axonal Tracts between Flies and Vertebrates Drosophila Zebrafish

  24. Inversion of Dorso-Ventral Patterns between Protostomes and Deuterostomes Arthoropods Vertebrates

  25. Despite the Apparent Inversion, Genetic Programs of Brain Development is Evolutionary Conserved

  26. Common Origin of the Animal Brain

  27. Neuroscience Text Books • Principles of Neuroscience, 5th ed. 2012, Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., Jessel, T. M., Siegelbaum, S. A., and Hudspeth, A. J., McGrae Hill. • Physiology of Behavior, 10th ed, 2009, Carlson, N. R. , Allyn & Bacon.　カールソン 神経科学テキスト 脳と行動、2010、丸善。 • Fundamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed, 2008, Squire L.R et al., Academic Press.

  28. Neuroscience Focuses on Molecular Genetic and Behavioral Problems Fundamental Neuroscience 53 Chapters Electrophysiology3 Genes and Molecules51 Behavior and Cognition 10

  29. シリーズ脳科学　東京大学出版会 • 第1巻　脳の計算論 • 第2巻　認識と行動の脳科学 • 第3巻　言語と思考を生む脳 • 第4巻　脳の発生と発達 • 第5巻　分子・細胞・シナプスからみる脳 • 第6巻　精神の脳科学 • 新・脳の探検、上下、ブルーバックス． • 記憶と情動の脳科学、ブルーバックス． • 私の脳科学講義、利根川進、岩波新書．

  30. ショウジョウバエ胚の脳（レーザ共焦点顕微鏡画像）ショウジョウバエ胚の脳（レーザ共焦点顕微鏡画像） Eyeless &Twin of Eyeless

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