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Explore the world of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, isomers, functional groups, macromolecules, and their structures. Learn about carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, their formations, functions, and interactions in living organisms. Discover the significance of dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, enzymes, and the roles they play in building and breaking down macromolecules.
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Introduction to organic compounds • Organic Compounds – compounds that contain carbon • Hydrocarbons – compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon
Bonding • Double and triple bonding do occur within hydrocarbons • Notice what the bonding does to the amount of hydrogens attached to that carbon
Isomers • Same formula but different structural arrangement
Review • Identify the following hydrocarbons
Bell Ringer • Please give the molecular formula and draw the molecular structurer of the following compounds • Ethane • Cyclopropane
Functional Groups • Chemical groups that effect a molecule’s function by participation in chemical reactions
Warm up Question • What are some examples of things that are complex yet made up of simple units.
Four Categories of Macromolecules Macromolecule- a molecule containing a very large number of atoms. • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids
Macromolecules • Polymer – large molecule consisting of identical or similar building blocks strung together • Monomer – building blocks of polymers
Macromolecules • Dehydration synthesis – removes an –H from one monomer and an –OH from another to form a polymer and water • Hydrolysis – Polymer is broken apart with the addition of water
Macromolecules • Both dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis require enzymes • Enzymes= specialized proteins that speed up a chemical reaction
Bell Ringer • What are the products formed after a dehydration synthesis reaction? In the picture below identify the water molecules that will leave to clear up space for the bond to form between our polymer and our monomer.
Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide – the carbohydrate monomer • General formula: CnH2nOn • May have 3 to 7 carbons • Glucose, Fructose, and Ribose • May form rings in aqueous solutions
Disaccharide • 2 monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis • - Glycosidic linkage
Bell Ringer • What are the products formed after a dehydration synthesis reaction? • What is the monomer of carbohydrates called? • What is the structure called when 2 monosaccharides are connected.
Disaccharide • Glucose + Glucose = Maltose • Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose • Glucose + Galactose = Lactose Maltose Sucrose Lactose
Polysaccharides • Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis • Starch – storage polysaccharide in plants made of glucose
Polysaccharides • Glycogen – storage polysaccharide in animals made of glucose
Polysaccharides • Cellulose – structural component of plants
Polysaccharides • Chitin – structural polysaccharide in animals • Exoskeleton of insects
Bell Ringer • Have your homework out so we can review the questions. • What are the the two polysaccharides used for structure?
Lipids • Mostly hydrogen and carbon • Hydrophobic – water-fearing • They are neither large molecules or polymers
Fats • Dehydration synthesis links a glycerol to 3 fatty acids to form a triglyceride
Fats • Saturated fats – hydrocarbon chains that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (all single bonds) • Example – Animal fats (solid at room temperature)
Fats • Unsaturated fats – has at least one double bond • Example – Plant fats (liquid at room temperature)
Fats • Function: Long term energy storage
Bell Ringer • What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? • What does hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean? • Are fats/ lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic? 3
Phospholipids • Function: Major component of cell membranes • Organic phosphate linked to 2 fatty acid chains by a glycerol • Phosphate head is hydrophilic • Fatty acid tail is hydrophobic
Waxes • Very hydrophobic • Mostly hydrocarbon chains
Steroids • Four fused carbon rings • Example: Cholesterol – used in cell membrane and the starting material of testosterone and estrogen
Building Lipids • Fatty Acid Glycerol
Building Lipids • Fatty Acid Glycerol
Building Lipids • Fatty Acid Glycerol
Bell Ringer • What parts of our phospholipid are considered hydrophobic and hydrophilic? • What are the defining features of a steroid?
Protein Structure • Monomer – Amino Acid Amino group Carboxyl group Side chain
Protein Structure • There are 20 different amino acids; each with a different side chain (R group) • Some amino acids are hydrophilic, some are hydrophobic
Dipeptides • Dehydration synthesis links together 2 amino acids and forms a dipeptide (held together by peptide bond)
Polypeptides • Many amino acids = polypeptide
Protein Structure • Primary- unique sequence amino acids
Protein Structure • Secondary – parts of the polypeptide coils or folds into patterns • Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets • Patterns are maintained by hydrogen bonds
Protein Structure • Tertiary – 3D shape of a polypeptide • R groups are involved in creating the protein’s shape
Protein Structure • Quaternary – 2 or more polypeptide subunits
Protein Shape • Denaturation – polypeptide chains unravel, losing their shape and, consequently, their function • Caused by excessive heat, pH, or salt concentration