History of Computers 1938-Present

1. History of Computers1938-Present Colossus- 1941 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968 movie) Hal 9000

2. "Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5 tons."-- Popular Mechanics, forecasting the relentless march of science, 1949

3. Hewlett-Packard • Hewlett-Packard is founded in 1938. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found Hewlett-Packard in a Palo Alto, California garage. Their first product was the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, which rapidly becomes a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B model to use as as sound effects generators for the 1940 movie “Fantasia.” Anything to bring in a nickel---Bill Hewlett

4. The first H-P

5. The Computer Age Dawns • Colossus is regarded as the first programmable computer. • It was a vast array of telephone exchange parts together with 1,500 electronic valves. • It was the size of a small room and weighed around ton. • The purpose of the Colossus was to decipher messages that came in on a German cipher machine called the Lorenz SZ.

6. Colossus-Mark IIbuilt in London • The Mark II weighed 35 tons. • It was 90 feet long and 70 feet wide. • One of the most guarded secrets of WWII, this machine was used to break codes.

7. The ENIAC • In the 1946, the U.S. Army unveiled the ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and computer). • It was developed at the University of Pennsylvania and ranks as one of the most influential and pervasive computers in history. • It was the first large scale electronic digital computer that was capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. • It was designed to calculate firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research laboratory. • It was refurbished several months after its initial start-u[ and then ran continuously until October 2, 1955. • The cost of the ENIAC was $500,000.

11. Description of the ENIAC • It was a massive piece of equipment with 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors. • It weighed 27 tons. • It was 8 ft. tall, 3 ft. deep and 100 feet wide. • Input was through an IBM card reader

13. On display at U of Penn

14. The UNIVAC • The Universal Automatic Computer I was the first commercial computer made in the United States • It was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the designers of the ENIAC. • It was delivered to the Census Bureau on March 31, 1951. • The 5th UNIVAC built was used by CBS in 1952 to predict the outcome of the 1952 presidential election

17. Demonstrating the UNIVAC for Walter Cronkite from CBS

18. More about UNIVAC • The initial UNIVAC was priced at $159,000. • The price rose to $1,250,000 • It became to expensive for most companies, but Sperry Rand (Rand Corporation) donated machines to Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, & Case Institute of Technology • The Census Bureau used this machine until 1963

20. "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers." • --Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943

21. IBM and the PC • IBM developed a prototype PC called the SCAMP in 1973. This revolutionary concept could be used as a desktop calculator, a programming device and a dispenser of “canned” applications. • The first launch of the IBM 5100 PC (portable computer) was in 1975 • It weighed 50 pounds and was slightly larger than an electric typewriter. • It was generally used in business by analysts, statisticians and other problem solvers. • While large by today’s standards, it was small compared to the IBM machines of the late 1960’s which would have been as large as two desks and would have weighed ½ ton.

22. "I have traveled the length and breadth of this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won't last out the year." • --The editor in charge of business books for Prentice Hall, 1957

23. This machine which contained a magnetic tape was withdrawn from the market in 1982.

24. "There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home." --Ken Olson, president, chairman and founder of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977

25. The next PC (this time called a personal computer) was marketed in 1978. • It could analyze sales, schedule resources, accounts payable, and do other business applications • It contained a desktop unit, a keyboard and a small display screen. • It used a magnetic tape or a diskette. • Main memory was 16K, 32K,48K or 64K, depending on the unit. • Overall system prices ranged from $9,340 to $23,990.

27. Along with the 5120, IBM also rolled out in February 1980 six new application programs to help businesses perform such tasks as inventory, billing, payroll, accounts payable, accounts receivable and general ledger accounting.

28. Model 5150 1981-1987

29. 5 ¼ Floppy disk

30. The IBM 5520 was first marketed in 1980. It combined text processing and electronic document distributing.

31. The IBM Displaywriter • This easy to use desktop text processing machine was unveiled in 1980. • It used a diskette drive for storage/ • The cost of this machine was $7,895.

32. The beginning of the modern PC • The IBM PC was introduced on August 12, 1981. • This would revolutionize the computer market. • It used Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet, presentation graphics, and Microsoft Word for word processing. • The IBM PC was named “Person of the Year” in Time magazine in 1982

33. "640K ought to be enough for anybody." --Bill Gates, 1981

34. Tandy/TRS • TRS-80 was Tandy Corporation's desktop microcomputer model line, and sold through Tandy's RadioShack stores, in the late-1970s and 1980s. Hobbyists, home users, and small-businesses were the intended consumers, and the endearment of the TRS-80 computer by its users resulted in a successful venture for Tandy Corporation • Its other strong features were its full stroke QWERTY keyboard, small size, well written Floating BASIC and it came with a monitor all for $599. By 1979 the TRS-80 had the largest available selection of software of the microcomputer market Tandy ended up selling 10,000 the first month and 55,000 its first year. Before its January 1981 discontinuation, Tandy sold more than 250,000

35. The Tandy 1000 was a line of more or less IBM PC compatiblehome computer systems produced by the Tandy Corporation for sale in its Radio Shack chain of stores. • The machine was geared toward home use and a modest budget, and it copied the IBM PC's 16-color graphics. These standards became known as "Tandy-compatible" or "TGA," and many software packages of the era listed their adherence to Tandy standards on the package. Some critics believe that the Tandy 1000 series was the best PC ever built.

36. And then there was Dell • Based in Round Rock, Texas • Founded by Michael Dell in 1984 while he was a student at The University of Texas • Building computers in an off campus dormitory, Dell aimed to sell IBM compatible computers built from stock components. • He dropped out of school to focus on his business • In 2006, employed over 78,000 people world wide. • In March 2007, Dell reported sales of $14.4 billion

37. Dell Today • Dell has announced that it will offer more personal computers that use the Linux operating system instead of Microsoft Windows. • Mark Shuttleworth, who created a version of Linux software named Ubuntu, said Dell is happy with the new Linux PC’s that were introduced in May 2007 • H-P and Dell now offer the Ubuntu Linux on some computer models.

38. Hewlett-Packard • Beginning in 1938 in a garage, H-P has grown today to the top retailer of pc’s in the world. 1983 1985 1980 2000 1998

39. Apple/Macintosh • Apple was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs, and Ronald Wayne. • Wayne sold is share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak in 1977. • The first Apple computers were hand built by Wozniak in the living room of his parents’ home.

40. "So we went to Atari and said, 'Hey, we've got this amazing thing, even built with some of your parts, and what do you think about funding us? Or we'll give it to you. We just want to do it. Pay our salary, we'll come work for you.' And they said, 'No.' So then we went to Hewlett-Packard, and they said, 'Hey, we don't need you. You haven't got through college yet.'" --Apple Computer Inc. founder Steve Jobs on attempts to get Atari and H-P interested in his and Steve Wozniak's personal computer.

41. 200 of these were built

42. Jobs approached The Byte Shop, a computer store. • They ordered 50 units and paid $500 each after much persuasion from Jobs. • The Apple II was introduced in 1977 and cost slightly more than the two competitors at that time, Commodore and Tandy TRS 80. • It used a 5 ¼ floppy disk drive. • Apple II didn’t surpass the TRS-80 or the Commodore in sales. • Apple introduced the Apple II+, IIe, IIc and IIgc • The Apple III was introduced in 1980 • Soon Apple became the standard computer in many school districts. • http://news.com.com/1606-2-5937610.html • Watch Steve Wozniak tell about pricing his computers.

43. Apple II1977

44. Introducing the Mac • The Macintosh was unveiled in a commercial during Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984. Watch the commercial: • http://www.rense.com/general69/future.htm • The Mac featured advanced graphics capabilities, desktop publishing and a reasonable price point. • It was much easier to use than IBM PC’s • Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft, was given several Macintosh prototypes in 1983 to develop software. In 1985, Microsoft launched its first version of Windows. This cut deeply into Macintosh sales.

45. The Macintosh

46. The first laptop • Macintosh introduced a portable computer in 1989. • Sony then took the specks and created a smaller unit called the PowerBook 100. • This was the beginning of the golden age for Apple Macs.

47. The 1990’s • By the mid 1990’s Apple realized that it had to reinvent the Macintosh in order to stay competitive in the market. • Besides refining the Mac, they entered the competitive gaming industry with Apple Pippin, but it was not very successful against Nintendo and Sony Play Station. • Macintosh began installing Internet Explorer on the computers. • Soon the race was on with Microsoft and the companies that made IBM clones (PC’s) • In 1998, Apple introduced the all-in one Mac computer called the iMac.

48. 800,000 units sold in first 5 months.

49. In 2001, Apple announced the first of its Apple Retail Stores • Apple has since moved forward with iMac, iPod , iBook and the Power Mac and the MacBook Pro 2006 iPhone 2007

50. The Future • With Blackberries, iPhones, iPods, Palms, and WiFi, where do you think we are headed with technology? • Next year’s technology will be superior to today’s technology. • What you buy in the store today will be on its way to being obsolete. • New technologies are emerging every day.