Cells Unit Test Study Guide Part 3

1. Cells Unit TestStudy Guide Part 3

2. #1, #2, #3 Spindle Checkpoint Check that all centromeres are attached to the spindle Sister chromatids can separate correctly G2/M Checkpoint Check that all DNA has been copied correctly Cytokinesis G1/S Checkpoint Check for DNA damage

3. 4. Describe what causes cancerous cells to form. Cancerous are cells formed when there is a defect in the p53 gene.

4. 5. Why is the p53 gene important? The p53 is important because it stops the cell cycle until all genes have been copied correctly

5. 6. What is a carcinogen and how do they affect cells? Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer. They damage the p53 gene causing the cell to lose information needed to respond to signal that control growth.

6. 7. What is the relationship between UV radiation and the p53 gene? UV radiation is a carcinogen that damages the p53 gene.

7. 8. What is a tumor? Name and describe the two types of tumors. A tumor is a mass of cells. Benign tumor – a non-cancerous tumor that does not spread throughout the body Malignant tumor – a cancerous tumor that can spread throughout the body

8. 9. Explain how precancerous cells are different from fully cancerous cells. Precancerous cells have mutations, but they function as normal cells.

9. 10. How do precancerous cells become fully cancerous? A mutated cell divides, passing on the abnormal genes to new cells

10. 11. What is metastasis? When a cancerous cell moves away from the original tumor and starts growing in other parts of the body.

11. 12. Describe how a normal cell becomes cancerous. Mutation, p53 gene, carcinogen, metastasis. Carcinogens damage the p53 gene creating a mutation; the mutated cell divides uncontrollably creating a tumor which can metastasize.