260 likes | 274 Views
Explore the Kinetic Molecular Theory, four states of matter, thermal expansion, phase changes, heating curves, and gas behavior. Learn about pressure, Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and more in this comprehensive guide.
E N D
MATTER Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter Kinetic Molecular Theory Four States of Matter Thermal Expansion
A. Kinetic Molecular Theory • KMT • Tiny, constantly moving particles make up all matter. • The kinetic energy (motion) of these particles increases as temperature increases.
B. Four States of Matter • Solids • low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around • definite shape & volume • crystalline - repeating geometric pattern • amorphous - no pattern (e.g. glass, wax)
B. Four States of Matter • Liquids • higher KE - particles can move around but are still close together • indefinite shape • definite volume
B. Four States of Matter • Gases • high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container • indefinite shape & volume
B. Four States of Matter • Plasma • very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-) • gas-like, indefiniteshape & volume • stars, fluorescentlight bulbs, TV tubes
C. Thermal Expansion • Most matter expands when heated & contracts when cooled. • Temp causes KE. Particles collide with more force & spread out. • EX: thermostats (bimetallic strip)
MATTER Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases II. Changes in State Phase Changes Heating Curves
A. Phase Changes • Melting • solid to liquid • Freezing • liquid to solid melting point = freezing point
A. Phase Changes • Vaporization (boiling) • liquid to gas at the boiling point • Evaporation • liquid to gas below the boiling point • Condensation • gas to liquid
A. Phase Changes • Sublimation • solid to gas • EX: dry ice, freeze drying, iodine
B. Heating Curves • Kinetic Energy • motion of particles • related to temperature • Potential Energy • space between particles • related to phase changes
Gas - KE Boiling - PE Liquid - KE Melting - PE Solid - KE B. Heating Curves
B. Heating Curves • Heat of Fusion • energy required to change from solid to liquid • some attractive forces are broken
B. Heating Curves • Heat of Vaporization • energy required to change from liquid to gas • all attractive forces are broken • EX: steam burns, sweating, and… the drinking bird HEATING CURVE
MATTER Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases III. Behavior of Gases Pressure Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law
A. Pressure Which shoes create the most pressure?
A. Pressure • Key Units at Sea Level 101.325 kPa (kilopascal) 1 atm 760 mm Hg 14.7 psi
Atmospheric Pressure Contained Pressure Manometer Barometer A. Pressure
A. Pressure • Effect on Boiling Point • When atmospheric pressure increases, the boiling point of a liquid increases. • EX: high altitude cooking, boiling cold water
P V B. Boyle’s Law • When the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure increases (at constant temp). PV = k INVERSE
V T C. Charles’ Law • When the temperature of a gas increases, its volume also increases (at constant pressure). DIRECT
C. Charles’ Law • Absolute Zero - Temp at which... • the volume of a gas would equal zero. • all particle motion would stop. -273°C or 0 K