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Basic Principles of Science

What is Science? Accuracy and Precision Units of Measurement Scientific Notation Significant Figures. Basic Principles of Science. NOT SCIENCE Astrology Magic Palm Reading Alchemy Creationism. What is Science? The effort to understand how the physical world works. SCIENCE Astronomy

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Basic Principles of Science

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  1. What is Science? Accuracy and Precision Units of Measurement Scientific Notation Significant Figures Basic Principles of Science

  2. NOT SCIENCE Astrology Magic Palm Reading Alchemy Creationism What is Science?The effort to understand how the physical world works. SCIENCE • Astronomy • Physics • Neurology • Chemistry • Evolution Science can only be applied to natural events. It cannot be used to support or disprove opinions, beliefs or the truly supernatural. Because of this, science makes no comment on philosophy, religion, and morality.

  3. What are Chemistry and Physics? • Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. • Physics is the study of the natural world, matter and energy and how the are related. • These two fields are closely related.

  4. Accuracy and Precision • In science, measurements are vital for the advancement of knowledge. Because of this, numbers involved in raw or statistical data must be accurate and precise. • Accuracy is a measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual or true value of whatever is measured. • Precision is a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another.

  5. Question 1How accurate and/or precise was the dart thrower? A. Accurate and Precise B. Inaccurate and Precise C. Accurate and Imprecise D. Inaccurate and Imprecise

  6. AnswerHow accurate and/or precise was the dart thrower? A. Accurate and Precise B. Inaccurate and Precise C. Accurate and Imprecise D. Inaccurate and Imprecise

  7. Question 2How accurate and/or precise was the dart thrower? A. Accurate and Precise B. Inaccurate and Precise C. Accurate and Imprecise D. Inaccurate and Imprecise

  8. AnswerHow accurate and/or precise was the dart thrower? A. Accurate and Precise B. Inaccurate and Precise C. Accurate and Imprecise D. Inaccurate and Imprecise

  9. Units of Measurement • In science, measurements are made in an improved version of the metric system; the International System of Units (or SI Units) used and understood by scientists worldwide. SI BASE UNITS • Length (meters “m”)‏ • Mass (kilogram “kg”)‏ • Time (seconds “s”)‏ • Temperature (Kelvin “K”)‏ • Amount of Substance (moles “mol”)‏

  10. SI UnitsConversion Scales SI Units use a scale of 10 to change between prefixes

  11. Question 3Convert the following measurements. Sample A. 3,201 km to _____ m Sample B. 133.8 ms to _____ s 1. 671 mL to _____ L 2. 14 cm to _____ µm 3. 5.08 m to _____ nm 4. 1.2 kW to _____ mW 5. 19,055 kJ to _____ MJ

  12. Question 3Convert the following measurements. Sample A. 3,201 km to 3,201,000 m Sample B. 133.8 ms to 0.1338 s 1. 671 mL to _____ L 2. 14 cm to _____ µm 3. 5.08 m to _____ nm 4. 1.2 kW to _____ mW 5. 19,055 kJ to _____ MJ

  13. AnswersConvert the following measurements. Sample A. 3,201 km to 3,201,000 m Sample B. 133.8 ms to 0.1338 s 1. 671 mL to 0.671 L 2. 14 cm to 140,000µm 3. 5.08 m to 5,080,000,000 nm 4. 1.2 kW to 1,200,000 mW 5. 19,055 kJ to 19.055 MJ

  14. Scientific Notation • In science (and particularly chemistry) you encounter very large or very small numbers. • Examples: • 1 gram of Hydrogen contains approximately 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms • A single atom of Gold has an approximate mass of 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 327 gram • For this reason, a shorthand system for writing sizable numbers is used. • Scientific Notation is an expression of numbers in the form m × 10n where m is between 1 and 10, and n is an integer.

  15. Scientific Notation • To convert numbers into scientific notation, move the decimal until there is only one non-zero number in front of it. The number of moves is equal to the exponent.

  16. Question 4Change these numbers to scientific notation. Sample A. 3,071,000 to ________ Sample B. 0.0014 to ________ 1. 6500 to ________ 2. 0.000 2 to ________ 3. -137.7 to ________ 4. 1,200,009 to ________ 5. 0.000 636 to ________

  17. Question 4Change these numbers to scientific notation. Sample A. 3,071,000 to 3.071 x 106 Sample B. 0.0014 to 1.4 x 10-3 1. 6500 to ________ 2. 0.000 2 to ________ 3. -137.7 to ________ 4. 1,200,009 to ________ 5. 0.000 636 to ________

  18. AnswersChange these numbers to scientific notation. Sample A. 3,071,000 to 3.071 x 106 Sample B. 0.0014 to 1.4 x 10-3 1. 6500 to 6.5 x 103 2. 0.000 2 to 2 x 10-4 3. -137.7 to -1.377 x 102 4. 1,200,009 to 1.200 009 x 106 5. 0.000 636 to 6.36 x 10-4

  19. Significant Figures • When measuring, the exactness of your measurements are very important. To determine which figures are important, we use the five rules of significant figures. • All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement are significant figures. • Significant figures must be determined before converting numbers into scientific notation.

  20. Rules of Significant Figures 1. All non-zero numbers (1-9) ARE significant. 2. All zeros between non-zeros ARE significant. Example: 1001 has four significant figures. 3. Leftmost zeros in front of non-zeros ARE NOT. Example: 0.000032 has two significant figures.

  21. Rules of Significant Figures 4. Zeros at the end of a number and to the right of a decimal point ARE significant. Example: 450.0 and 1.020 have four significant figures. NOTE – the number MUST have a decimal point 5. Zeros at the rightmost end of a number and are left of an 'understood decimal point' ARE NOT. Example: 1 000 and 60 000 have one significant figure. PLEASE NOTE THE DIFFERENCE

  22. Question 5How many significant figures are in these numbers? Sample A. 3002.0 has ________ Sample B. 0.00 670 has ________ 1. 223 has ________ 2. 1 000 000.0 has ________ 3. 0.05070 has ________ 4. 300. has ________ 5. 0.0 074 010 has ________

  23. Question 5How many significant figures are in these numbers? Sample A. 3002.0 has five Sample B. 0.00 670 has three 1. 223 has ________ 2. 1 000 000.0 has ________ 3. 0.05070 has ________ 4. 300. has ________ 5. 0.0 074 010 has ________

  24. AnswersHow many significant figures are in these numbers? Sample A. 3002.0 has five Sample B. 0.00 670 has three 1. 223 has three 2. 1 000 000.0 has eight 3. 0.05070 has four 4. 300. has three 5. 0.0 074 010 has five

  25. Multiplying in Scientific Notation • When multiplying numbers in scientific notation, the first two integers multiplied as normal. • The exponents are added NOT MULTIPLIED. • If the number at the front becomes larger than 10, move the decimal to the left and add one to the exponent. • The significant figures of your answer may not be greater than the SMALLEST number of significant figures in the factors. Example (2.1 x 103) x (5.2 x 105)

  26. Multiplying in Scientific Notation (2.1 x 103) x (5.2 x 105)‏ multiply the first numbers 2.1 x 5.2 = 10.92 adjust for significant figures 10.92 ~ 11 add the exponents 3 + 5 = 8 put together 11 x 108 adjust the first number 1.1 x 109

  27. Dividing in Scientific Notation • When Dividing numbers in scientific notation, the first two integers divided as normal. • The exponents are subtracted NOT DIVIDED. • If the number at the front becomes smaller than 1, move the decimal to the right and subtract one from the exponent. • The significant figures of your answer may not be greater than the SMALLEST number of significant figures in the quotients. Example (3.5 x 106) / (5.6 x 102)

  28. Dividing in Scientific Notation (3.5 x 106) / (5.6 x 102) divide the first numbers 3.5 / 5.6 = 0.625 adjust for significant figures 0.625 ~ .63 subtract the exponents 6 – 2 = 4 put together .63 x 104 adjust the first number 6.3 x 103

  29. CLASSWORKCalculate the answers to these problems 1) (4 x 106) / (2 x 102)‏ 2) (1.5 x 102) x (4 x 107)‏ 3) (3.7 x 10-3) / (-1.9 x 10-8)‏ 4) (4.71 x 10-3) x ( 5.89 x 103)‏

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