Understanding Reproductive Processes and Disorders

1. 4.06 Understand the Reproductive Process and the Disorders of the Reproductive System

2. Reproductive process: Conception 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

3. Reproductive process: Conception Conception • When the sperm and the egg unite • Pregnancy occurs 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

4. Reproductive process: Fertilization Fertilization: • Union of male and female gametes to form a zygote from which the embryo develop = conception 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

5. Reproductive process: Sex Chromosomes What makes a person a girl instead of a boy??? Sex Chromosomes! Boys are XY Girls are XX 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

6. Pregnancy Conception to birth Normal gestational period = 40 weeks Terms to remember: Embryo 1-8 weeks Fetus 9-40 weeks Newborn At birth Reproductive Process: Pregnancy 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

7. Reproductive process: Fetal Development • 6-8 weeks • 12-14 weeks • 17-19 weeks • 5-6 months 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

8. Dilation stage The uterine smooth muscle begins to contract Contractions move the fetus down the uterus and cause the cervix to dilate The cervix is completely dilated at 10 centimeters Reproductive process: Labor Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions? Oxytocin! 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

9. Expulsion stage The baby is actually delivered Natural Cesarean Reproductive process: Labor What is an episiotomy? Why might it be necessary? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

10. Placental stage The last stage of labor Also known as afterbirth Delivered due to final uterine contractions Reproductive process: Labor 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

11. Tubal pregnancy, fertilized egg stays in the fallopian tube. Fallopian tube at risk to rupture, and cause life threatening hemorrhage. Requires emergency treatment. Symptoms: Light vaginal bleeding, N&V, sharp abdominal cramps. Laparoscopic surgery or emergency surgery. Ectopic pregnancy 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

12. New mothers often feel restless, anxious, fatigued and worthless Some new moms worry they will hurt themselves or their babies Unlike the "baby blues” (first 2 weeks), postpartum depression does not go away quickly. Caused by: Hormonal changes aggravated by exhaustion from childbirth, stress, or lack of sleep in the early weeks of a newborn's life. Postpartum depression 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

13. Unable to become pregnant after a year of trying If a woman keeps having spontaneous abortions, it is also called infertility Infertility In Vitro ZIFT GIFT 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

14. Abstinence Sterilization Tubal ligation Barrier methods Female condom Spermicides Diaphragm Cervical cap Contraceptive sponge Hormonal Methods Birth Control Pills (contains synthetic Estrogen & Progesterone) Depo-Provera Lunelle NuvaRing/Vaginal Ring Ortho Evra Patch/Birth Control Patch Intrauterine Device (IUD) Female contraception 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

15. Male contraception Abstinence Vasectomy • Vas / ectomy(Vas deferens is severed) • Permanent sterility Condoms Compare the benefits and concerns with each form of male contraception. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

16. Sexually transmitted infections (STI) • Chlamydia • Genital warts • Gonorrhea • Herpes • HIV • Syphilis • Trichomonas Effects females and males. May or may not present symptoms. May or may not have a cure! 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

17. Example: Gonorrhea • Bacterial STD • Male symptoms: Painful urination, Yellow pus discharge from penis • Female symptoms: None • Treatment: Antibiotics for both partners 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

18. Understand the Disorders of the Female Reproductive System 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

19. The leading cause of death in woman between the ages of 32 and 52 Treatment Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Partial or full mastectomy Lumpectomy Breast cancer Abnormal Normal 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

20. Breast cancer Life saving measures • Monthly breast exams • Mammogram • Ultrasound These measures provides early detection and increased life expectancy for women. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

21. Using a mirror, inspect your breasts with your arms at your sides Look for any changes in contour, swelling, dimpling of skin, or appearance of the nipple. Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly on your breast, checking the entire breast and armpit area. There are three patterns you can use to examine your breast: the circular, the up-and-down, and the wedge patterns. Gently squeeze the nipple of each breast and report any discharge to your doctor immediately. Examine both breasts lying down. To examine the right breast, place a pillow under your right shoulder and place your right hand behind your head. Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly, checking the entire breast and armpit area. Disorders of the female reproductive system Self breast exam 1 4 2 5 3 6 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

22. Cervical Cancer • Cancer of the Cervix. • Causes and risk factors: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, having many sexual partners, smoking, taking birth control pills, and engaging in early sexual contact. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

23. Sexually actively females should have an exam and screening with a Pap Smear annually for early detection of cervical cancer. Gardasil, protects against four HPV types, which together cause 70% of cervical cancers. Cervical Cancer What are the benefits of receiving the HPV vaccine? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

24. Abnormal endometrial and scar tissue found outside of the uterus on ovaries and abdominal organs. Responds to hormonal changes each month and attempts to build a lining. Causing abdominal pain and excessive menstrual bleedingwhen lining sheds. Endometriosis 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

25. Endometriosis • Can lead to permanent damage to the reproductive organs and sterility. • Treatment includes laparoscopic surgery, hysterectomy, hormonal drugs, or menopause. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

26. Infection the breast, most frequently associated with breastfeeding. Symptoms: Breast redness, tenderness, swelling, fever. Causes: Bacteria, often from the baby's mouth, enter a milk duct through a crack in the nipple.  Treatment: Antibiotics Mastitis 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

27. Inflammation of reproductive organs. May be secondary to another infection such as Gonorrhea. Symptoms: Pain, high fever. Complications: Scarring of fallopian tubes. Treatment: Antibiotics, analgesics. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

28. Inflammatory response as a result of tampon misuse. Caused by Staphylococcus bacteria. Symptoms: Fever, abdominal tenderness, hypotension, respiratory distress, and renal failure. Treatment: Antibiotics Toxic shock syndrome 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

29. Overgrowth of fungus Candida. May result from antibiotic use which disrupts normal flora of the vagina. Symptoms: Vaginal itching, burning, and leukorrhea (white discharge). Vaginal yeast infection Not a sexually transmitted illness. However, sexual partners may be infected and need to be treated to prevent re-infection. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

30. Vaginal yeast infection • Treatment: Fungicidal cream or vaginal insert. • Prevention: Avoid tight fitting pants or under-garments, feminine sprays, or douching. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

31. Understand the Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

32. Cryptorchidism • Undescended testicle(s). • Most common in premature babies. • Risks: Fertility problems, increased risk testicular cancer, testicular torsion, inguinal hernia. • If it doesn’t move into its proper position within the first few months of life, may require surgery. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

33. Epididymitis • Painful swelling and tenderness of the groin and scrotum accompanied by fever. • Infection caused by sexual acquired bacteria, such as Gonorrhea or Chlamydia. • Treatment: Antibiotics • Treatment of sexual partner required also. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

34. Erectile Dysfunction • Also known as impotence. • Failure of the penis to become rigid enough for intercourse to occur. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

35. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) • Enlarged prostate. • Symptoms: Difficulty urinating, retention, UTI’s. • Most common in men after 60. Prostate continues to grow throughout man’s life. • Treatment: Regular exams, Prostatectomy in severe cases • Is it cancer? No - Benign. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

36. Prostate cancer • Most common cancer in males over 50. • Treatment: “Waitful Watching” • Frequently slow growing and causes no problems. • What are the reproductive side effects to treatment? Impotence 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

37. Testicular cancer • Cancer of testes. • Most common cancer in males 15-34 years. • Symptoms: Scrotal heaviness, back pain, and breast development. • Risk factors: Undescended testicle(s), congenital abnormalities, History or family history of testicular cancer. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

38. Testicular self-examination You should perform a testicular self-exam every month if you have any of the following risk factors: • Family history of testicular cancer • Past testicular tumor • Undescended testicle • You are a teenager or young adult • Perform this test during or after a shower. This way, the scrotal skin is warm and relaxed. It's best to do the test while standing. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

39. Testicular self-examination 1.Gently feel your scrotal sac to locate a testicle. 2.Hold the testicle with one hand while firmly but gently rolling the fingers of the other hand over the testicle to examine the entire surface. 3.Repeat the procedure with the other testicle. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system