Introduction to Geography People, Places, and Environment, 4e Edward F. Bergman William H. Renwick

1. Introduction to GeographyPeople, Places, and Environment, 4eEdward F. BergmanWilliam H. Renwick Chapter 5: Population, Population Increase and Migration Victoria Alapo, Instructor Geog 1010

2. Population • Population geography • Studies the distribution of humankind • Emigration • Immigration • Demography is the study of • Specific group characteristics e.g. male/female, Black/White/Hispanic, educated, rich/poor, etc.

3. Distribution and Density • World Population • 6.5 billion (2006) • Major concentrations • (see Cartogram in textbook and back page of Textbook) – a cartogram is a map-like image used to convey the magnitude of a phenomenon rather than just spatial size. • East Asia • South Asia • Europe from the Atlantic to Ural mountains • Southeast Asia • Eastern United States

5. Factors Influencing Population Distribution • Climate • Low density (cold or dry areas, exceptions along rivers e.g. the Nile) • High density • Topography and soils • Flat areas = easier cultivation • Accessibility to water • Fertile soils

6. Population Density • Arithmetic density • Number of people per unit of area e.g. sq mile/km. • Physiological density • Density of population per unit cropland

7. World Population Growth • Crude birth rate – annual # of live births per 1000 people. • Crude death rate – annual # of deaths per 1000 people. • Natural increase • Natural decrease • Difference btw crude rates • Pop. projection is the prediction of the future, assuming that pop. trends remain the same. It is an uncertain task. Why?

8. Population Projections • Replacement rate – This is when you just replace yourself. 2.1 is considered that rate. A country’s pop. increases or declines based on this rate. • Zero population growth – no growth • Doubling time - the # of yrs it would take the country’s pop. to double at present rates of increase.

10. Population Pyramids • This is a graphic device showing the age and sex structure of a population.

11. Population Pyramids • Dependency ratio • Calculates the proportion of the population of working age. See pyramid on previous slide. • The dep. ratio is the ratio of the combined pop. of children less than 15 yrs and elderly over 64, to the pop. of those btw 15 & 64 yrs (working age). • The larger the % of dependents, the greater the dependency ratio and financial burden – rich countries have too many old; poor countries have too many young (see next slide).

14. Demographic Transition Model • This took place over centuries, and is dev. from countries that are rich to describe their historical experience. • Stage one • Crude birth/death rate high – zero growth • Fragile population – periodic epidemics, famines

15. Demographic Transition Model • Stage two • Lower death rates • Infant mortality rate falls – this is the # of infants per 1000 who die before reaching 1 yr of age (see next 2 slides) • Natural increase high – medical improvements, agric. revolution. • Stage three • Indicative of richer developed countries • Higher standards of living/education – children now seen as a burden instead of asset. Many European countries, e.g. Germany. • Zero growth or negative (natural decrease)

19. New Influences on Birth Rates • Family planning programs • Contraceptive technology • Role of mass media • Obstacles • Manufacture/distribution expense • Religion • Low female status • Preference of male children

20. Birth Control Programs • One family/one child policies • Female infanticide • Social compensation fees • Sterilization • Loss of status • Termination healthcare/food coupons e.g. Iran • Free birth control • Increased literacy

21. Overpopulation? • Malthusian theory • Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) • Arithmetic progression of food (1, 2, 3, 4, 5…) versus the geometric progression of people (1, 2, 4, 8, 16…) • Was he right?

22. Food Supplies Over the Last 200 Years (Affected Malthus’ Prediction) • Malthus’ prediction • Technological advances: • Green revolution • New crops • Transplants and genetic engineering • New cropland • New lands opened by irrigation • Transportation and storage • Faster refrigerated modern methods • Improved storage protects against spoilage and pests

23. Overpopulation? • Cornucopians • Jean Antoine Condorcet (1743-1794) • Optimistic perspective (“horn of plenty”) • Argued that increases in productivity would keep pace with the earth’s rising pop., so capita material welfare would actually rise. Also, that with education and prosperity, most people would limit family sizes voluntarily. • His predictions were more accurate.

25. Migration • Push factor • Drive away people • Pull factor • Attract people

26. Migration of Peoples • Prehistoric • Europe to the Americas • African diaspora • Europe to Asia & Oceania • Europe to Africa • Indian • Overseas Chinese

28. European Migration Largest migration flow worldwide (last 150 yrs)

31. Migration Today • 2002 = 175 million worldwide living outside country of birth • Characteristics • Many poor, uneducated, unskilled • Many also highly educated and skilled • Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity • All Americans are ultimately immigrants, except those who are full-blooded Native Americans. See caption (U.S. Senator), pg 209.

32. International Migration • Emigration • Brain Drainon “source countries”. Brain drain is when the working age and usually educated people leave their home country to go to another one. • Importance of remittances • Mexico = 3rd largest source of foreign exchange • Canada • 18.4 percent population foreign born (more than U.S.) • 94 percent of immigrants live in metro areas

33. Migration to the U.S. • U.S. • Largest migration flow worldwide (last 150 yrs) was from Europe to the U.S. See Ellis Island, etc. Also, see implications in pie chart (next slide). • 10% U.S. population foreign born • Immigration quotas restrict immigration • Some implications: • Hispanics as proportion of U.S. population has increased, displacing blacks as minorities (Census 2000).

35. Migration Today • Refugees • 1951 Geneva convention – someone with a well-founded fear of being persecuted in his/her country of origin due to race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. See map, pg 201. • They have special rights • Asylum – signatories are obligated to grant safety

36. New Controversies • Additional costs for public services? • Importing poverty? • Local costs of immigration • California, Arizona, etc • “Melting pot” or “cultural mosaic”?