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Bacteria

Bacteria. Earliest Prokaryotes. Most numerous organisms on Earth Include all bacteria Earliest fossils date 2.5 billion years old. Classification of Life. Three Domains of Life. Archaea – prokaryotes living in extreme habitats Bacteria - Cyanobacteria and eubacteria

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Bacteria

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  1. Bacteria

  2. Earliest Prokaryotes • Most numerousorganisms on Earth • Include allbacteria • Earliest fossils date2.5 billion years old

  3. Classification of Life

  4. Three Domains of Life • Archaea – prokaryotes living in extreme habitats • Bacteria- Cyanobacteria and eubacteria • Eukarya – Protozoans, fungi, plants, & animals

  5. Archaebacteria • Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments • They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments • Called the Ancient bacteria

  6. Archaebacteria

  7. Kingdoms of Bacteria Eubacteria: • Called the true bacteria • Most bacteria are in this group • Include photosynthetic Cyanobacteria

  8. Characteristics 3 basic shapes • Bacillus: rod-shaped • Coccus: sphere-shaped • Spirrilla: spiral-shaped

  9. Bacterial Shapes

  10. Grouping of Bacteria • Diplo- Groups of two • Strepto- chains • Staphylo- Grapelike clusters

  11. Diplococcus

  12. Streptococcus Causes Strep Throat

  13. Streptobacilli

  14. Staphylococcus Bacterial

  15. Staphylococcus

  16. Bacillus - E. coli

  17. Spirillum

  18. Characteristics of Bacteria

  19. Bacterial Structure • Microscopic prokaryotes • No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Contain ribosomes • Single, circular chromosome in nucleoid region

  20. Bacterial Structure • Have small rings of DNA called Plasmids • Unicellular • Small in size (0.5 to 2μm) PLASMIDS

  21. Flagella • Bacteria that are motile have appendages called flagella • Attached by Basal Body • A bacteria can have one or many flagella

  22. Pili • Short protein appendages • Smaller than flagella • Adhere bacteria to surfaces • Used in conjugation for Exchange of genetic information • Aid Flotation by increasing buoyancy

  23. Bacterial Cell

  24. Protection • Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan • May have a sticky coating called the Capsule for attachment to host or other bacteria

  25. Useful Bacteria • Some bacteria can degrade oil • Used to clean up oil spills

  26. Benefits of Bacteria • Nitrogen Fixation • Photosynthesis • Decomposers • Food production- cheese & yogurt • Sewage Treatment- sludge to methane gas

  27. Nutrition, and Reproduction

  28. Modes of Nutrition • Saprobes – feed on dead organic matter • Parasites – feed on a host cell • Photoautotroph – use sunlight to make food • Chemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make food

  29. Reproduction • Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission • Single chromosome replicates & then cell divides • Rapid • All new cells identical (clones)

  30. Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

  31. Binary Fission E. coli

  32. Reproduction • Bacteria reproduce sexually by Conjugation • Form a tube between 2 bacteria to exchange genetic material • Held together by pili • New cells NOT identical

  33. Conjugation

  34. Pili in Conjugation

  35. Bacterial Respiration • Anaerobes carry on fermentation • Aerobes carry on cellular respiration

  36. Spore Formation • Form endospore whenever when habitat conditions become harsh (little food) • Able to survive for long periods of time as endosperm • Difficult to destroy (heat resistant)

  37. Pathological bacteria (disease-causing) • Bubonic plague- wiped out part of Europe during the middle ages, fever, buboes (bubo-swollen gland) formed from bleeding lymph nodes. • Cholera and typhoid fever- severe diarrhea, vomiting, often fatal, from contaminated water. • Dental caries (cavities)- dental caries, holes form in teeth.

  38. Disease causing bacteria • Diptheria- sore throat, fever, chills, thick gray coating on back of tongue. • Dysentery- severe diarrhea, often bloody, can be fatal. • Gangrene- affected area begins to necrofy (die) and rot. • Gonorrhea- STD, inflammation of urinary and reproductive tracts, often leads to sterility in women. • Lyme disease- carried by deer ticks, rash, pain, and swelling in joints.

  39. Disease causing bacteria • Salmonella- causes severe food poisoning. • Syphilis- STD, 1st stage includes canker sores, 2nd phase includes rash, 3rd stage includes insanity, fatal. • Tetanus- “lock jaw,” found in soil and rust. • Tuberculosis- known as TB, white death, consumption, infects lungs, coughing up blood, often fatal.

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