Mary Shelley’s

1. Mary Shelley’s FRANKENSTEIN

2. The original title was Frankenstein or, The Modern Prometheus. Prometheus was a mythological god who, according to one story, steals fire from Jupiter to help the mortals on earth. Anotherversionofthismyth isthatPrometheusactually createsa human being by breathing life into a clay body. 1945

3. The author, MaryShelley, was born Mary Wollstonecraft in London in 1797 and died in 1851 at the age of 54 from a brain tumor. Shelley was 19 yearsoldwhenshewrote this Gothic novel in 1816. Atthetimeshewas married to a poet, Percy Shelley, whohelped her with the editing process of thisnovel. 1931

4. Marywrotethenovelone summer whileshe vacationed at Lake Geneva in Switzerland. The weather was unseasonablycold. For entertainment, Mary Shelley, her husband (poet) Percy Bysshe Shelley, (poet) Lord Byron, and Jane Clairmont sat aroundreadingghoststories. 1931

5. On June 15, 1816, a challenge was issued among the four of them to see who could write the most terrifying story. Mary Shelley’s story is based on her life experiences, her dreams, and scientific research and experiments of that time period. 1931

6. Mary Shelley had previously suffered with nightmares after her daughterdiedtwoweeksafterbirth. Repeatedly Shelley dreamed her baby was just cold, and that she herself broughtherdaughterbacktolife after massaging the infant’slifelessbody while sitting next to a warm fire. 1931

7. On June 15, 1816, Shelley experienced a different nightmare in which she dreamed that “a pale student of ‘unhallowed arts’ creates a livingbeingfromdeadparts” (“Frankenstein” x). [unhallowed: against what is considered holy and sacred; immoral and unethical according to society’s standards] 1931

8. Thatdream was the basisfor her Gothicstory. Mary Shelley was the onlyone out of the group to finish her tale of terror. Mary Shelley’s Gothic novel was published in 1818 when she was just 21. She went on to publish other works, but none ever matched the popularity of FRANKENSTEIN. 1931

9. Mary Shelley’s novel wasn’t based on her dreams alone. In the early 1800’s, scientists were obsessed with finding a way to bring the dead back to life. Shelley found this idea fascinating and kept current with all new science experiments taking place during her time. Luigi Galvani was one scientist who believed that “electricity” was the life force for living beings.

10. Galvani would take dead animals and shock their bodies with high currents of electricity. The corpse would jolt when shocked with electrical currents. Luigi’s nephew, Giovanni Aldini, took the experiment one step further. In London, on January 17, 1803, he publicly performed this experiment on the corpse of a human being, a prisoner who had been executed by hanging.

11. Giovanni attached live wires to the corpse: 120 plates of zinc and 120 plates of copper. Giovanni reported, “the jaw began to quiver, the adjoining muscles were horribly contorted, and the left eye actually opened”(Frankenstein” xx). The muscles of the corpse were shocked to such a degree that the corpse appeared “animated” to the public.

12. With Frankenstein, the sci-fierabegan. The novel contains the 3 elements essential for all sciencefiction work: (1)“it’s based on validscientificresearch; (2)gives a persuasiveprediction of what sciencemightachieve in the future; (3) and it offers a humanistic critique of the benefits and dangers of either the achievement or scientificthought” (xx).

13. RomanticMovement: (1770-1870) This movement is not about “romance or love” but about disillusionedliberals who were tired of the common people being oppressed by tyrantrulers. This time period occurred simultaneously with revolutions around the world: the American R. 1776, the FrenchR. 1789, the FrenchReignofTerror 1793. Natureimagery is a keyelement in Romantic literature because human tyranny could notcontrolnature. For the Romantics, nature represented peace and they believed that all emotionalhealingcame from nature. [Nature imagery is abundant in Frankenstein.]

14. Gothic Literature : an offshoot of Romanticliterature. “Along with nature having the power of healing, Gothic writers gave nature the power of destruction. Many storms arise in the book, including storms the night the creature comes to life… The most commonfeature of Gothicliterature is the indication of moodthrough the weather. When bad things are going to happen in a Gothic novel, the reader knows it because there is inevitably a storm outside” (Grudzina). 1997

15. In addition, Gothic literature is “a style of fiction, especially in the late 18th century and early 19th century, with historical and picturesquesettings, an atmosphere of mystery, gloom and terror, supernatural or psychologicalplotelements, with violent, gruesomedeaths” (Webster). The setting is usually in medievalcastles built in the Gothicstyle of architecture—with secretpassageways, dungeons, and towers. The name Frankenstein is taken from a castle in Germany where an alchemist experimented with dead bodies.

16. AliAllusions in Novel • Paradise Lost by John Milton – story of man’s fall from innocence to painful knowledge; Victor can be compared to Adam, Satan, and Eve; his creation can be compared to Adam and Satan • The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, like the narrator’s tale, the story is told as a warning and a confession

17. Major Characters • Victor Frankenstein – protagonist, product of an idealistic Enlightenment education; fueled by possibilities of science and a desire for acclaim; becomes obsessed with creating life from spare body parts. Rational demeanor dissolves and by story’s end, he is consumed by primitive emotions of fear and hatred.

18. Major Characters • The Creature - never named; is Victor’s doppelganger (alter ego); Creature rationally analyzes the society that rejects him; sympathetic character, admires people and wants to be a part of human society; only results in violence when he is repeatedly rejected

19. Supporting Characters • Henry Clerval – Victor’s childhood friend; true romantic, wants to leave mark on the world, but never loses sight of “the moral relations of things” • Elizabeth – adopted as an infant by Victor’s family; marries Victor • Robert Walton – Arctic explorer who’s obsessed with gaining knowledge and fame; rescues Victor in the Arctic; tells the story

20. Symbols • White/light= knowledge • Ice = danger • Lightning = nature’s power • Nature = acceptance, nurturing, calm • Mountains= sublime in nature

21. Themes Center on the Following • Consequences of irresponsibility in the pursuit of knowledge • Consequences of pride • Consequences of society’s rejection of someone who is unattractive • Destructive power of revenge • Relationship between nature and nurture

22. Works Cited “Frankenstein.” U.S. National Library of Medicine. N.p.13 February 2002. Web. 5 October 2011. Grudzina, Rebecca. Teaching Unit: Individual Learning Packet. Cheswold: Prestwick House Inc., 2004. Print.