Chapters 6-7

1. Chapters 6-7

2. Launching a New Nation • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Created the initial judicial structure (still the same) • Supreme Court is the “law of the land” • George Washington • First President • Had many challenges when he took office • Cabinet • Created to help George Washington govern better • Made up of all the chief advisors to the President

4. Cabinet • Cabinet—departments with chief advisors who would become the presidents advisors on a variety of topics • Initial Cabinet: • Department of State, Department of War, Department of the Treasury, and the Attorney General • Today’s Cabinet • http://www.whitehouse.gov/government/cabinet.html • There are a lot more Cabinet members today

5. Jefferson/Hamilton Debates • Alexander Hamilton • Believed in a strong national government • Wealthy Upper Class, Good Trade/Industry • Very much like GB • Thomas Jefferson • Believed in strong state governments • More concerned with farmers (southerners) • Washington DC became the capital of United States (made Southerners happy)

6. Early Political Parties • Federalists • People who shared Hamilton’s view • Strong government is the key to a successful country • Democratic Republicans • People who shared Jefferson’s view • Strong state governments is the key to a successful country

7. Whiskey Rebellion • Whiskey Rebellion • Farmers in the west were mad about high taxes • Hamilton had the government/army put a swift end to the rebellion (much different than Shay’s) • Showed 2 Important things • New Power of our government • Division that was starting to appear between N/S and Urban/Rural

8. Foreign Problems • French Revolution (US Support??) • GB had supported the old leaders of France.. • Federalist supported the British pt. of view • Dem-Republicans supported the French ppl.. • Washington decided on neutrality--not taking either side in the revolution. • Other Problems • Spanish and the British were not leaving the lands west of the Appalachian Mtns. • Native American Issues

10. Native American Issues • Ohio Battles • US was fighting against Little Turtle and the Miami Confederacy • Fighting over land by the Ohio River • Americans were finally able to win • Set a precedent on how to deal with Indians • Buy land way cheaper than what it is worth • Fight against them if they resist • Force them to leave...

12. Politics • George Washington decided against a 3rd term as President • John Adams (F) ran against Thomas Jefferson (DR) • Adams won the election 71-68 • Constitution said that Adams would be President and Jefferson (runner-up) would be VP • Sectionalism--placing the interest of one region ahead of those of the nation • Most of the North voted for Adams • Most of the South voted for Jefferson

14. Other Issues • XYZ Affair • Attempt by the French to bribe Americans who were attempting to negotiate a peace treaty. • Made us mad at the French (almost went to war) • Alien and Sedition Acts • Passed by Federalist • Limited the rights of immigrants, done b/c immigrants tended to be Dem-Reps. • Violated the constitution

15. Politics Again • Election of 1800 • Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams • Jefferson and his Vice-Presidential candidate Aaron Burr both tied for the most electoral votes • Alexander Hamilton convinced the House to vote for Jefferson (He would become the 3rd President) • Famous Duel • Burr was mad at Hamilton, challenged him to a duel • Hamilton fired his shot in the air, Burr shot Hamilton in the chest and killed him...then ran away to Europe.

17. Politics • Thomas Jefferson • Did everything he could to make the govt. smaller • Federalist Party began to fall apart • John Marshall • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • Increased the power of the Court • Marbury vs Madison • Established the idea of Judicial Review • Supreme Court look at whether laws/actions follow the constitution

18. Westward Expansion • Daniel Boone • One of the first western explorers • Created a road from Virginia to Kentucky • French Interests • France (Napoleon) bought a ton of land from Spain, wanted to create an Empire in America • Had problems governing Haiti, decided to sell land • Louisiana Purchase • France sold land west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans for 15 million dollars (doubled the size of America)

20. Lewis and Clark--were chose to explore the Louisiana Purchase Sacajawea--Indian Guide that helped them on their trip http://www.lewis-clark.org/

21. War of 1812 • Reason why US declared war on GB • Impressment—British would seize Americans at sea and make them fight for the British against France. In response to this Jefferson passed an Embargo (ban on exporting goods) to France and Great Britain. • Indian Problems—Great Britain was helping the Native Americans form an confederacy against the William Henry Harrison and the Americans. • Tecumseh—Indian Chief, lost @ the battle of Tippecanoe…Harrison became a hero • War Hawks—young congressmen who favored war with GB to help strengthen America

22. War of 1812---What happened • What happened • Initially the US lost most battles—not ready to fight • Eventually, the US won some battles in Canada and the Ohio Territory • US NAVY helped (small ships that were able to move quicker than the British ships) • In 1814, the British captured Washington DC and burned all the government buildings • GB eventually became tired of fighting against the Americans

23. War of 1812---the end • Andrew Jackson • Became famous for winning a bunch of battles against the British and Native Americans • Battle of New Orleans—famous battle that the Americans won (actually fought after the British had surrendered) • Treaty of Ghent • Peace Treaty that ended the fighting • After the war, the Americans and the British had a much better relationship (friends ever since)

25. Chapter 7 Regional Economics Create Differences

26. Economic Changes • Industrial Revolution • Factories were able to start mass producing • Social and economic changed that occurred because of an increase in technology • New England was the first place in America to become “industrialized” • Many young men/women left the farms in the north and moved to cities

27. Regional Differences • North • More industry, small farms (grew what family needed) • Started to invest more in livestock---no slaves • South • No reason to industrialize (make more factories) • Eli Whitney—Invented the Cotton Gin • Made it easier to mass produce cotton • States like Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana grew in pop. • Cotton Kingdom (Ala, Miss, La)---area that produced a ton of cotton. • 500,000 new slaves were brought to the South after the Cotton Gin was invented

30. Economic Differences • Tariff of 1816 • Placed a tax on all goods imported into America • North was happy b/c it encouraged manufacturing in America • South was upset because they need to import more goods than the North • Ultimately it led to more money coming into America • McCulloch vs. Maryland • National government had control over the economy and would be more powerful than state governments.

31. Attempts to Promote Unity • Henry Clay • Wanted to unite America by economy and transportation • National Road • Connect Maryland to Illinois • Erie Canal • Connected Lake Erie (all the Great Lakes) to the Atlantic Ocean (via Hudson River) • People could ship things cheaper from the Midwest. • Robert Fulton • Created the first steam ship, changed river and lake transporation

33. Internal Affairs • Nationalism • Belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional interests • Monroe Doctrine • James Monroe (Pres) told European countries to stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere • Also said the US would stay out of their business • Russia, Spain, Portugal were looking to expand in America • This causes settlers to move west

35. Missouri Compromise • Controversy • Missouri had 60,000 people—wanted to be a state • At the time, there were 11 free states (no slavery) and 11 slave states • Missouri wanted to have slaves and Northern Congressmen blocked it from becoming a state • People became very upset • Northerners thought South was trying to expand slavery, Southerners thought the North was trying to end slavery

36. Missouri Compromise • Missouri Compromise • Missouri would be admitted as a slave state • Maine would be created/admitted as a free state • Louisiana Territory would be divided into 2 regions…lands north of the 36-30 line could not have slaves, lands south of the line could have slaves. • 36-30 line (southern border of Missouri)

38. Age of Jackson • John Quincy Adams vs Andrew Jackson (1824) • Adams won the presidency but there were issues • Adams had more electoral votes (not a majority though) and less total votes than Jackson • Henry Clay convinced the House of Reps to vote for Adams…Jackson became very upset • Jackson decided to form his own political party (Democrats)…had support b/c he was popular • In 1828, Jackson won the Presidential Election

39. Policies of Jackson • Spoils System • He replaced qualified people in the government with people that he was friends with (wouldn’t say no to him) • Indian Removal Act • First tried Assimilation—give up own culture and become more America. (Some did this) • Indian Removal Act—government forced Natives tribes to move West away from white settlers

41. Cherokee Indians • Cherokee • Wanted to stay in Georgia/create own society • Went to the Supreme Court, got some basic rights, also started to assimilate • Some leaders were tricked into signing a treaty and forced to move • Trail of Tears • 20,000 Cherokee were forced to move from Georgia to Oklahoma (forced by troops) • Federal officials stole most of the things the Cherokee had • A very high percentage of Cherokee died on this trip

43. Daniel Webster vs John Calhoun • Webster (Mass--Sen) vs Calhoun (VP SC) • Argued over states rights and financial issues • Calhoun was upset about tariffs that were hurting South • Calhoun argued that laws that hurt one state were unconstitutional • Calhoun said that SC would not pay any more tariffs and threatened to leave the United States. • Jackson’s Response • He was mad, had congress pass the Force Bill (President could take any steps necessary in enforce a law) • Jackson tended to act like a king from time to time

44. New Political Landscape • Whig Party • Created by Democrats who were upset with Jackson • Wanted government control and unity • Martin Van Buren • Jackson’s VP (after Calhoun), was able to win the 1836 Presidential Election. Had to deal with the Panic of 1837 caused by Jackson’s bad economic policies • William Henry Harrison (Whig) 1840 • Old war veteran that everyone liked…able to defeat Van Buren • Used modern slogans and campaign techniques • Died a month into being president • John Tyler (Whig) • Harrison’s VP….Whigs chose him only b/c he was from South • Tyler and the Whig party hated each other..not good president