Islam Chapters 6-7-8

1. IslamChapters 6-7-8 Mr. Bartula AP World History

2. The Arabian Peninsula ca 600 CE

3. The Arabian Peninsula • Crossroads of trade routes • Wealthy cities • Clan rivalries • Polytheistic • Mecca, dominated by Umayyad Clan

4. Muhammad 570-632 • Rasul’ Allah 610 • Qu’ran (Recitations) • Opposition from Umayyads 622 Hijra (flight) 622-630 Exile in Yathrib (Medina) 630 Conquest of Mecca 632 Death

5. Tenets of Islam • Continuation and fulfillment of Judaism and Christianity • The last message of Allah (God) to humanity • Salvation Religion • Materialistic rather than spiritual • Egalitarian (the umma)

6. Tenets of Islam • Patriarchal • Monotheistic • Transcendent • Syncretic

7. The Qu’ran • Divided into surahs (recitations) • Organized by length of surahs • Overall Theme: submission to the will of Allah.

9. Early Examples of Islamic Syncretism • Praying toward Jerusalem • The “Satanic Verses”

10. The Five Pillars of Islam • 1. Iman (Faith) "There is none worthy of worship except God and Muhammad is the messenger of God."

11. The Five Pillars of Islam • Salah: Prayer five times a day, facing Mecca

12. The Five Pillars of Islam • Zakah: charity to the poor

13. The Five Pillars of Islam • Sawm: Fasting in the month of Ramadan

14. The Five Pillars of Islam • The Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca

15. Shar’ia

16. Mecca

17. Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq

18. Bandar Aceh, Indonesia

19. Washington, D.C.

20. The Dome of the Rock

23. The Early Spread of Islam

24. The Dhimmis • “People of the Book” • Tolerated, but must pay taxes • Some minority groups ( Jews) preferred Muslim rule because of toleration.

25. Reasons for Islam’s appeal • Syncretism • Easily understood and followed • Accepting of other faiths • Equality

26. Muslims in the WorldToday

27. Countries with the Largest Muslim Population * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

28. The First Islamic Split • After Muhammad’s death, his father-in-law Abu Bakr became Caliph (“Successor”) • The first four Caliphs were relatives of Muhammad • Rivalry between tribes led to dissension and eventually conflict

29. Battle of Karbala 680 • Final split between Muslims • Sunni Muslims • Shi’a Muslims

30. Sunni Islam • The majority of Muslims worldwide • Caliphate can be held by any devout Muslim man • Some Sunnis are more fundamentalist:Wahhabism

31. Sh’ia Islam • About 10-15 % of worldwide Muslim population. • Centered in Iran and Iraq • Only descendants of Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, can be the rightful Caliph • Hierarchical, more mystical than Sunnis • Also called The Twelvers (for the Twelfth Imam)

32. The Tomb of Ali, Najaf, Iraq

33. The Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 • Dar al’ Islam • Capital: Damascus • Wealth and luxury • Mawalis not equal to Arab Muslims • Increasingly secular (non-religious)

34. Dar al’ Islam

35. Dar al’Islam • International trade and commerce • Muslims encouraged merchants and trade • Close cooperation between Muslims, Jews, and Christians • Many major cities and urban areas

37. Umayyad Mosque of Damascus

38. The Abbasid Caliphate 758-1258 • Disaffected Mawalis overthrew Umayyads • Abbasid capital: Baghdad • Mawalis equal to Arab Muslims • Dhimmis tolerated

39. The Abbasid Palace in Baghdad

43. Abbasid Gardens in Baghdad

44. Muslim Garden

45. Cordoba

46. Cordoba

47. Cordoba

48. Cairo

49. Islamic Science • Islam encouraged scientific study to demonstrate Allah’s power • The Muslim need to pray facing Mecca required knowledge of geometry and astronomy • Muslims preserved and expanded classical science • Jews, Christians, and Muslims all participated in a flowering of science, art, philosophy, and culture

50. Muslim Observatory at Samarkand