Part E Hash Tables

1. Part EHash Tables 0  1 025-612-0001 2 981-101-0002 3  4 451-229-0004 Hash Tables

2. We have n items, each contains a key and value (k, value). The key uniquely determines the item. Each key could be anything, e.g., a number in [0, 232], a string of length 32, etc. How to store the n items such that given the key k, we can find the position of the item with key= k in O(1) time. Another constraint: space required is O(n). Linked list? Space O(n) and Time O(n). Array? Time O(1) and space: too big, e.g., If the key is an integer in [0, 2 32], then the space required is 2 32. if the key is a string of length 30, the space required is 26 30. Hash Table: space O(n) and time O(1). Motivations of Hash Tables Hash Tables

3. A hash functionh maps keys of a given typewith a wide range to integers in a fixed interval [0, N- 1], where N is the size of the hash table such that if k≠k then h(k)≠h(k’) ….. (1) . Problem: It is hard to design a function h such that (1) holds. What we can do: We can design a function h so that with high chance, (1) holds. i.e., (1) may not always holds, but (1) holds for most of the n keys. Basic ideas of Hash Tables Hash Tables

4. A hash functionh maps keys of a given type to integers in a fixed interval [0, N- 1] Example:h(x) =x mod Nis a hash function for integer keys The integer h(x) is called the hash value of key x A hash table for a given key type consists of Hash function h Array (called table) of size N the goal is to store item (k, o) at index i=h(k) Hash Functions and Hash Tables (§ 8.2) Hash Tables

5. 0  1 025-612-0001 2 981-101-0002 3  4 451-229-0004 … 9997  9998 200-751-9998 9999  Example • We design a hash table storing entries as (HKID, Name), where HKID is a nine-digit positive integer • Our hash table uses an array of sizeN= 10,000 and the hash functionh(x) = last four digits of x Hash Tables

6. A hash function is usually specified as the composition of two functions: Hash code:h1:keysintegers Compression function:h2: integers [0, N- 1] The hash code is applied first, and the compression function is applied next on the result, i.e., h(x) = h2(h1(x)) The goal of the hash function is to “disperse” the keys in an apparently random way so that in most cases (1) holds. Hash Functions Hash Tables

7. Integer cast: We reinterpret the bits of the key as an integer Example: characters is mapped to its ASCII code. A=65=01000001, B=66=01000010, a=97, b=98, ,=44, .=46. Suitable for keys of length less than or equal to the number of bits of the integer type (e.g., byte, short, int and float in Java) Hash Codes (§ 8.2.3) Hash Tables

8. Component sum: We partition the bits of the key into components of fixed length (e.g., 16 or 32 bits) a0 a1 … an-1 and we sum the components (ignoring overflows) a0+a1 +a2+ … +an-1 Example 1: AB=0100000101000010 h(AB)= 01000001 + 01000010 10000011. Example 2: h(1000000110000010)= 10000001 + 10000010 00000011 (ignore overflows) Suitable for numeric keys of fixed length greater than or equal to the number of bits of the integer type (e.g., long and double in Java) Hash Codes (§ 8.2.3) Hash Tables

9. Polynomial accumulation: We partition the bits of the key into a sequence of components of fixed length (e.g., 8, 16 or 32 bits)a0 a1 … an-1 We evaluate the polynomial p(z)= a0+a1 z+a2 z2+ … … +an-1zn-1 at a fixed value z, ignoring overflows Especially suitable for strings (e.g., the choice z =33gives at most 6 collisions on a set of 50,000 English words) Polynomial p(z) can be evaluated in O(n) time using Horner’s rule: The following polynomials are successively computed, each from the previous one in O(1) time p0(z)= an-1 pi(z)= an-i-1 +zpi-1(z) (i =1, 2, …, n -1) We have p(z) = pn-1(z) Good value of z: 33, 37, 39, 41. Hash Codes (cont.) Hash Tables

10. Division: h2 (y) = y mod N The size N of the hash table is usually chosen to be a prime The reason has to do with number theory and is beyond the scope of this course Example: keys: {200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 600}. If N=100, 200 and 600 have the same code, i.e., 0. It is better to choose N=101. Compression Functions Hash Tables

11. Multiply, Add and Divide (MAD): h2 (y) =(ay + b)mod N a >0 and b>0 are nonnegative integers such thata mod N 0 and N is a prime number. Example: Keys={200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 600}. N=101. a=3 and b=7. h(200)=(600+7) mod 101 = 607 mod 101=1. H(205)=(615+7) mod 101 = 622 mod 101=16. h(210)=(630+7) mod 101 = 637 mod 101=31. h(215)=(645+7) mod 101 = 652 mod 101=46. h(220)=(660+7) mod 101 = 667 mod 101=61. H(600)=(3600 +7) mod 101=3607 mod 101=72. Compression Functions Hash Tables

12. Collisions occur when different elements are mapped to the same cell Separate Chaining: let each cell in the table point to a linked list of entries that map there Separate chaining is simple, but requires additional memory outside the table 0  1 025-612-0001 2  3  4 451-229-0004 981-101-0004 Collision Handling Hash Tables

13. the colliding item is placed in a different cell of the table Load factor: n/N, wheren is the number of items to store and N the size of the hash table. n/N≤1. To get a reasonable performance, n/N<0.5. Open Addressing Hash Tables

14. Linear probing handles collisions by placing the colliding item in the next (circularly) available table cell Each table cell inspected is referred to as a “probe” Colliding items lump together, causing future collisions to cause a longer sequence of probes Example: h(x) = x mod13 Insert keys 18, 41, 22, 44, 59, 32, 31, 73, in this order Linear Probing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 41 18 44 59 32 22 31 73 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hash Tables

15. Consider a hash table A that uses linear probing get(k) We start at cell h(k) We probe consecutive locations until one of the following occurs An item with key k is found, or An empty cell is found, or N cells have been unsuccessfully probed To ensure the efficiency, if k is not in the table, we want to find an empty cell as soon as possible. The load factor can NOT be close to 1. Search with Linear Probing Algorithmget(k) i h(k) p0 repeat c A[i] if c= returnnull else if c.key () =k returnc.element() else i(i+1)mod N p p+1 untilp=N returnnull Hash Tables

16. To handle insertions and deletions, we introduce a special object, called AVAILABLE, which replaces deleted elements remove(k) We search for an entry with key k If such an entry (k, o) is found, we replace it with the special item AVAILABLE and we return element o Else, we return null put(k, o) We throw an exception if the table is full We start at cell h(k) We probe consecutive cells until one of the following occurs A cell i is found that is either empty or stores AVAILABLE, or N cells have been unsuccessfully probed We store entry (k, o) in cell i Updates with Linear Probing Hash Tables

17. Double hashing uses a secondary hash function d(k) and handles collisions by placing an item in the first available cell of the series (i+jd(k)) mod Nfor j= 0, 1, … , N - 1 The secondary hash function d(k) cannot have zero values The table size N must be a prime number to allow probing of all the cells Common choice of compression function for the secondary hash function: d2(k) =q-k mod q where q<N q is a prime The possible values for d2(k) are1, 2, … , q Double Hashing Hash Tables

18. Example of Double Hashing • Consider a hash table storing integer keys that handles collision with double hashing • N= 13 • h(k) = k mod13 • d(k) =7 - k mod7 • Insert keys 18, 41, 22, 44, 59, 32, 31, 73, in this order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 31 41 18 32 59 73 22 44 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hash Tables

19. In the worst case, searches, insertions and removals on a hash table take O(n) time The worst case occurs when all the keys inserted into the map collide The load factor a=n/Naffects the performance of a hash table Assuming that the hash values are like random numbers, it can be shown that the expected number of probes for an insertion with open addressing is1/ (1 -a) The expected running time of all the operations in a hash table is O(1) In practice, hashing is very fast provided the load factor is not close to 100% Applications of hash tables: small databases compilers browser caches Performance of Hashing Hash Tables

20. Part EHash Tables Comments from students: This part is a bit hard. I guess that too many methods are introduced. Next time, choose ONE method for each issue. Give some exercises for them. Hash Tables