Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality

1. Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality A Brief History of the Education of Dominated Cultures in the United States By: Joel Spring Presented by: Heather Nast, Lauren Finelli and Andrew Reder

2. In Education Protestants and Catholics in 1840’s Punishment of enslaved Africans Racial clashes School integration riots Current debates Racial Violence • Throughout history... • US Civil War • Trail of Death • 19th century Chinese • Enslaved Africans • Race riots in 19th and 20th centuries • Zoot Suit riots • Civil Rights Movement

3. Globalization • Globalization- begins when Columbus arrives in the Americas in 1492 and links the world trade routes • Civilized v. uncivilized- Christian v. Pagan

4. Religious Superiority • Catholics • Religious heretics • Catholics schools developed the private school sect • Protestant • The superior belief • Referred to as “public” schools • Mostly anti-Catholic (obvious in government life) *** Lead to the Catholic/Protestant school riots over religious doctrines

5. Race, Racism and Citizenship • Race- primarily a social construction • Racism- prejudice plus power

6. Educational Methods for Global Cultural Encounters • Cultural Genocide • Deculturalization • Assimilation • Cultural Pluralism • Denial of Education • Hybridity

7. Educational and Cultural Differences • Colonists • Child-rearing- discipline, authority and memorization (break the will of the child) • School- formal setting • Work- activity provided protection against sin • Political power- only men • Native Americans • Child-rearing- quite dismissive • School- informal, educated by stories told by the elders • Work- only for what they needed • Political power- held by some women

8. Early Native American Educational Programs • Failed establishment of Henrico College • Praying towns • Dartmouth College • Moor’s Charity School

9. 5 Civilized Tribes • Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole tribes • Government wanted their land • Felt like the nuclear family and the establishment of a formal government was leaked to the need for a nuclear family • Hoped for a cash economy to develop

10. Native Americans: Deculturalization, Schooling, and Globalization • Native Americans as Indigenous people • The Naturalization Act of 1790 excluded them from citizenship of the U.S.

11. Schooling • Thomas McKenney thought schooling would socially control Native Americans and improve their society • He introduced schools to Indian tribes as “experiments” • White Missionary teachers- American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) • 1819 Civilization Fund Act

12. Native American language and culture • Sequoyah created a written language to preserve their history, religions, and culture • Elias Boudinot created Cherokee Phoenix in 1828

13. Indian Removal • Andrew Jackson worried that education was giving Indians the power to resist the U.S. government • Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Trail of Tears

14. Once settled they began setting up schools and governments • The Spencer, Armstrong, & New Hope Academies • Cherokees were almost 100% literate!

15. Reservations and Boarding Schools • Charles E. Mix said that the U.S. had made great errors when dealing with the tribes • 1867 Indian Peace Commission • Boarding schools take children to strip away their native culture • Carlisle Indian School &Hampton- Richard Pratt

16. Poor conditions- how are they to learn? • Meriam Report in 1928

17. African Americans: Deculturalization, Transformation, and Segregation • “Diaspora” • British, Spanish, and Portuguese imperialists moved enslaved Africans to North American and other locations • North- societies with the slaves • South- slave societies (plantation life) • Two ways denial of education laws can be used

18. “Creole” • Increase demand of slaves • Devastating tolls on newly arrived slaves • Free slaves still had restrictions • Petitions to gradually abolish slavery in the North

19. Educational Segregation • Freedom vs. Equality • Segregated schools • Reading and writing in English • Unequal funding • Discrimination

20. Boston Fights for Equal Education • Massachusetts Education Act of 1789 • Funding • Benjamin Robert’s daughter- First separate-but-equal ruling in judicial history • 1855 Massachusetts governor signed a law that said no child can be denied admission based on race/religion

21. Slaves were not allowed to read • Although many of them learned • Helped the slaves learn about what was happening in the Civil War • “Darky act” or “trickers”

22. African Americans had to obey the government, but was not allowed to have a say in it • The Fourteenth Amendment Section 1 • Homer Plessy

23. First Crusade • First: literacy • Former slaves established schools • Trying to improve political and economic standings • Booker T. Washington • “cast down its buckets and use black workers” • W.E.B. Du Bois • NAACP • General Samuel Armstrong • Hampton and segregated industrial education

24. Second Crusade • 1910- 1930s, Expansion of segregated schools paid by individual supporters and government • The Anna T. Jeanes Fund & The Julius Rosenwald Fund

25. Asians: Shifting Views • Generally speaking, White efforts at deculturization focused on the denial of education and separation of Asian populations from White populations • The nature of Asian immigration caused treatment to shift much faster than any other group

26. Coming to America • Chinese: Moving around since 15th century • First major wave was Gold Rush • 1850s in California • Paid their own way, not enough money to get back • Ended up working on railroads or in agriculture • Japanese: Late start • 1639 law forbade foreign travel • Immigration started in 1868 to Hawaii and California

27. Other Asian Populations • Small amounts (<10,000) from Korea and India • In 1907 a large Filipino migration began • Other Asians not significant until Immigration Act of 1965

28. White Views • Until 1960s, major views were: • “Coolie” • low cost, servile labor • Born from railroad workers/farmhands • “Deviant” • Immoral, sexually permissive • Born from opium dens and prostitution • Combined as “Yellow Peril”

29. Push and Pull • Asian immigration started relatively late, when big pushes for more equal rights were starting • “Coolie” legislation often clashed with “Deviant” legislation • Many of most repressive laws were reversed soon after being enacted

30. Example: San Fransisco • 1872: All White students to be educated • 1884: Imperial Chinese Consulate complains • SF School board specifically bars “Mongolians” • 1885: Superior Court overrules SF • 1885: Segregated schools implemented • 1906: Forced integration to avoid international incident

31. A New Image • WWII • Japanese Internment • Asians differentiated • 1950s, the Model Minority

32. Latinos: Location, Location • Biggest Latino influxes came from conquest • 1848: End of Mexican-American War • US gained California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas • 1898: End of Spanish-American War • US gained Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and naval base in Cuba

33. Similar View, Different Treatment • Latinos: mix of Indian (not white) and Spanish (white on a technicality) • Generally regarded as Indians or worse • Mexicans valued as cheap labor • Education was denied/neglected/segregated • Puerto Ricans feared as too independent • Education was forced in order to “Americanize”

34. Puerto Rico: A dream snatched away • Strong independence movement since 1860s • Made “autonomous state” in 1897 • Constitutional Republic with Spanish Governor • Conquered in 1898

35. Puerto Rico: Winning Hearts and Minds • “Put an American schoolhouse in every valley and upon every hilltop” • Education used as a weapon to inspire loyalty • English-only past first grade • American History over Puerto Rican History • Celebration of American holidays • Biggest tension was over English Language • Starting in 1912, calls for Bilingual education

36. Mexicans: Kept poor and dumb • Similar Policies to Puerto Rico to inspire patriotism • Almost never enforced • “Educating the Mexican is educating them away from the job, away from the dirt” • Those that did go to school were segregated

37. Globalization: The Great Civil Rights Movement and Wars of Liberation • Internationally • Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples • Domestically • Discrimination everywhere • Deculturalization and school segregation was part of a general global movement

38. School Desegregation • NAACP- desegregation and opportunity to participate in economic system • 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka • Public demonstrations to take action • Lack of supervision to make sure segregation ended • CORE, SNCC, SCLC

39. Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. • King was born in 1929 into a family of Baptist Ministers • Introduction of nonviolent confrontation • 1957 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

40. Martin Luther King, Jr. Continued… • Rosa Parks • 1957 “Give us the Ballot…” speech to Washington, DC • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Titles 4 & 6

41. Contrast: Asian Experience • During this time, “Model Minority” view became popular • Contrasted to Black experience • Obscured reality of Asian Experience

42. In 1961, 450 Indians attended the American Indian Chicago Conference • End to termination policies • John F. Kennedy • More Indian participation in decisions involving federal policies • Struggle for self-determination • Pan-Indian Movement

43. Indian Education: A National Tragedy • Bilingual Education Act of 1968 • Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 • Tribally Controlled Schools Act • Native American Languages Act of 1990

44. Bilingual Education • 1951: Puerto Rico becomes commonwealth • Spanish restored • 1968 Boycotts in LA • Bilingual Education Act of 1968 • Official language disputes

45. Multicultural Education, Immigration and the Cultural Wars • 1965 Immigration Act that abolished the 1924 Immigration Act (and the quota system) • Multicultural education rose • Ethnocentric schools (go back to segregation)

46. Cultural Wars cont. and NCLB • Mandatory standardized tests only measure one culture • Bilingual education be used as a vehicle for learning English

47. 21ST Century: Post- Racial Society • Post-racial- a society where race is no longer important in determining social status and income • However, government agencies state that the concept of race has no scientific or anthropological meaning but persist in using racial categories in their reports • Socially constructed in contrast to legal or administrative definitions of race

48. In Comparison • Race and income • 1- all white • 2- white (Hispanic or Latino) • Least- Black or African American • Drop out rates (1972-2006) • 1- Hispanic • 2- Black • 3- Whites

49. Is the US a Post-Racial Society • YES • Racial categories are no longer recognized, by government agencies, as having scientific or anthropological meaning • Because race is a confusing term taking on many different meanings among post-1965 immigrants • Since post-1965 immigrants are not facing any overt attempts as Deculturalization and Americanization • NO • Many native-born whites and blacks still think in the racial categories created by law and judicial decisions from the 18th century to the Civil Rights Movements • Since government agencies require the use of racial categories • The legacy of race-based laws and Deculturalization still contribute to educational and economic inequality • Since many immigrants from Mexico and Central America as assimilation into native-born Hispanic communities suffering from the legacy of the past