Theory of Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence

1. Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence, Intelligence Theory Boris Sunik :- generalinformationtheory.com boris.sunik@generalinformationtheory.com Introduction We live in the age of applied sciences. Consider the role of applied biology responsible for the unbelievable progress in medicine or applied physics and applied chemistry, forming the basis of modern industry and modern infrastructure in general. It is nearly impossible to imagine our society without the applications of social sciences like economics, sociology, social psychology, political science, criminology and so on. Frequently ignored, however, is the fact that the boom of applied sciences was only possible because of the fundamental sciences, without which the development of the last 150 years would never have occurred. The only major type of activities remaining without adequate theoretical conceptualization is that which is concerned with meaningful information. While technical aspects of information transmission are effectively covered by the information theory of Claude Shannon, the meaningful information never possessed any relevant theoretical support. Despite more than a hundred years of research devoted to the formalization of meaning, no research dedicated to the subject was ever able to produce an applicable theory having any impact on the practical information-related activities. To Know more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our website- http://generalinformationtheory.com/

2. Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence, Intelligence Theory Boris Sunik :- generalinformationtheory.com boris.sunik@generalinformationtheory.com Introduction This situation is the result of a deep chasm between theoretical research and practical application over the last few decades. These fields have mostly developed independently from one another. In order to take the necessary step forward in understanding and developing a theory of meaningful information, there is the need to reunite them. In the theoretical sphere, the first works devoted to this subject had already started in the 19th century with the definition of semantics. In the next century, they became very extensive and were extended to the heterogeneous field including multiple ideas from computing, cognitive sciences, linguistics, medicine and others. Regretfully, a vast amount of energy was used to build a bridge to nowhere - the situation also remains the same in the present century, in which software developers obviously seems to have lost interest in this research because of its complete uselessness. To Know more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our website- http://generalinformationtheory.com/

3. Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence, Intelligence Theory Boris Sunik :- generalinformationtheory.com boris.sunik@generalinformationtheory.com Introduction This situation is the result of a deep chasm between theoretical research and practical application over the last few decades. These fields have mostly developed independently from one another. In order to take the necessary step forward in understanding and developing a theory of meaningful information, there is the need to reunite them. In the theoretical sphere, the first works devoted to this subject had already started in the 19th century with the definition of semantics. In the next century, they became very extensive and were extended to the heterogeneous field including multiple ideas from computing, cognitive sciences, linguistics, medicine and others. Regretfully, a vast amount of energy was used to build a bridge to nowhere - the situation also remains the same in the present century, in which software developers obviously seems to have lost interest in this research because of its complete uselessness. To Know more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our website- http://generalinformationtheory.com/

4. Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence, Intelligence Theory Boris Sunik :- generalinformationtheory.com boris.sunik@generalinformationtheory.com Introduction The failure of theory however never hindered applied developments, which happened to be really effective. The only actual working methods and tools ever employed for representation and processing of meaningful information are the mainstream programming languages used for the creation of both conventional and intelligent applications. Currently their number barely exceeds a dozen, with one of them – C++ - playing an especially outstanding role. This language, also designated as C/C++, is the only compiled language widely used at this time. Other mainstream programming languages are interpreters, most of them also implementing certain variants of the C++ conceptual system (C# and Java are the most prominent examples of this approach). All mainstream languages were developed in a purely pragmatic way without applying whatever scientific methods and are acquired by programmers intuitively like driving a car. Learning by doing is highly effective in practical work, however, the concepts formed in the heads of specialists in this inductive way are based on tacit knowledge and do not permit deep scientific conceptualization. To Know more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our website- http://generalinformationtheory.com/

5. Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence, Intelligence Theory Boris Sunik :- generalinformationtheory.com boris.sunik@generalinformationtheory.com Introduction The discrepancy between academic research and the realities of everyday software development results from the fundamentally incompatible approaches. While the academic research never succeeded in creating the effective programming tools based on the mathematically correct solutions, the practical programming occurred to be extremely successful by employing programming languages built on non-mathematical basis. It would be incorrect to say that practical programmers were never interested in scientific research, in reality though, this disinterest is a rather recent phenomenon developed over the last thirty years. A completely different spirit prevailed at the start of the computer era when programmers struggled to find an applicable alternative to a very exhausting and slow machine code programming. Science was seen as the only hope and after the first high-level programming language FORTRAN appeared, the practitioners became theoreticians and produced a rigorous mathematized theory of the programming language. This resulted in viewing all non-mathematical approaches as supposedly non-scientific. To Know more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our website- http://generalinformationtheory.com/

6. Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence, Intelligence Theory Boris Sunik :- generalinformationtheory.com boris.sunik@generalinformationtheory.com Introduction Such an interpretation of programming was not accidental, as the first computers were developed for mathematical calculations and, as a result, most programmers of that time were mathematicians and logicians who viewed programming as a branch of mathematics. The obvious divergence between scientific concepts and the realities of everyday software development was not perceived as a major problem, because mainstream programming languages were considered a temporary solution needed until the theoretically correct programming tools reached maturity. Neglecting mainstream programming went so far that theoreticians failed to produce a generally accepted definition of a programming language because such a definition could not be made in the conceptual coordinates of recognized theories. This not really effective approach was tolerated in the times of expensive mainframes, but completely lost its appeal after the appearance of C++ and cheap personal computers. In retrospect is clear that a zero output from many decades of intensive mathematic-driven research is the ultimate proof of the wrongness of its key postulate once (presumably) formulated by Galileo Galilei: “The Book of Nature is written in the language of mathematics”. This idea widely present in distinct disciplines actually killed the theoretical programming by automatically rejecting all non-mathematical concepts as unscientific. While no self-respecting scientist will ever study unscientific material, official science is basically unable to leave its convenient blind alley and propose any adequate concepts. While no self-respecting scientist would ever engage in non-scientific studies, official science has basically turned a blind eye to the reality of programming and continue to do so today. To Know more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our website- http://generalinformationtheory.com/

7. Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence, Intelligence Theory Boris Sunik :- generalinformationtheory.com boris.sunik@generalinformationtheory.com Introduction The success of pragmatically developed programming concepts, however, does not mean that proper fundamental software research is no longer considered. On the contrary, it has probably never been as topical as it is now, due to the immense damaging potentiality possessed by failed and seemingly long forgotten theories of the traditional computer science. The reason is the AI theory, which was originally developed as a branch of the latter, reuses many of its results, and is likely obsessed with mathematically correct methods. This theory has finally arrived now - thousands of articles describing miscellaneous formal concepts are printed in multiple AI publications every year (2-3 examples in footnote). That said, however, does not bring us one iota closer to the understanding of what AI is and how it functions. The results of this dead-end campaign is already seen in the level of discussions about the dangers of AI development. Not just average AI developers, but also such world-known prominent figures as multibillionaire Elon Musk, the late physicist Stephen Hawking and computer scientist Ray Kurzweil, have weighed in on the subject. However, they are also absolutely helpless and their opinions completely lack any theoretically sound arguments. To Know more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our website- http://generalinformationtheory.com/

8. Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence, Intelligence Theory Boris Sunik :- generalinformationtheory.com boris.sunik@generalinformationtheory.com Introduction Currently, AI specialists operate with commonsense considerations and imprecise historical examples[2] and if this situation is allowed to continue, there is a pretty good chance that in the not so distant future, a team of AI developers might underestimate the self-learning capabilities of their own creation and bring an end to the era of human civilization on this planet. This book attempts to overcome the problem by proposing the Theory of Meaningful Information (abbr. TMI), which is created by extending the universal methods of information formalization developed in programming outside of its original domain. TMI is a general information theory which includes: · The informationtheory providingthe OO view of real and imaginable worlds; · The intelligence theory that defines the features of both natural and artificial intelligences and allows the formal specification of the strong AI; · The language theory, which includes the theory of the universal representation language allowing the universal representation language T to be formulated. · The first theory is a general conceptual system, the two following theories are its subsets devoted to the features of intelligence and languages respectively. To Know more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our website- http://generalinformationtheory.com/

9. Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence, Intelligence Theory Boris Sunik :- generalinformationtheory.com boris.sunik@generalinformationtheory.com Introduction TMI is an axiomatic theory, defining the key notions information, knowledge, intelligence, language, sign solely on the basis of their functional characteristics. In this, it differs from the other approaches of information science restricting these terms to the entities of their interest, as do most of the information-related theories understanding a language as a natural human language, knowledge as human knowledge etc. The theory is based on an overall definition of information, which can be applied to information of every kind, level and complexity. The definition of information enables a view of the world in terms of objects, actions, relations and properties. Information is considered as the feature manifesting itself in the relations between certain real world entities. TMI provides both the uniform view of all kinds of information and the universal language actually supporting the requested representations. TMI does not employ already known conceptions and approaches devoted to this subject and basically rejects all mathematically based concepts of meaningful information as irrelevant. This theory cannot be assessed in terms of approaches originating from the domain of formal logic and mathematics as first order calculus, semantic nets, conceptual graphs, frames and ontologies, which constitute the basics of formal languages traditionally used in the realm of knowledge representation like OWL (Smith, Welty, and McGuiness 2004), Cycl (Parmar 2001), KM (Clark and Porter 1999), DART (Evans and Gazdar 1996) and others. To Know more http://generalinformationtheory.com/ about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our website-