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Unit 4

Unit 4. Research Techniques. ALAT Chapter 15. Introduction to Science and Metrics. Most scientific terms have a prefix, root and/or suffix, which makes them easier to understand – such as hyperglycemia Hyper- (more than) Glyc (glucose) -emia (blood). ecto- (outside), endo- (inside),

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Unit 4

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  1. Unit 4 Research Techniques

  2. ALAT Chapter 15 Introduction to Science and Metrics

  3. Most scientific terms have a prefix, root and/or suffix, which makes them easier to understand – such as hyperglycemia Hyper- (more than) Glyc (glucose) -emia (blood) ecto- (outside), endo- (inside), -cide (killing), -tomy, (to cut into), bio- (life), -ology (the study of), patho- (disease) Scientific Terminology

  4. Weights and Measures • Metric system – universally used by the scientific community – based on the power of 10 • Needed to determine and record accurate measurements

  5. Examples • Weight - gram • kilogram = 2.2 lb; 28.4 grams = 1 oz • Volume - liter • liter = 1.057 qt; 30 milliliters = 1 fluid ounce; 1 ml = 20 drops • Length - meter • meter = 39.3 in; 2.54 cm = 1 in • A little longer than a yard stick

  6. Metric system • milli- 1/1000 • centi- 1/100 • deci- 1/10 • gram, liter, meter • deka- 1 x 10 • hecta- 1 x 100 • kilo- 1 x 1000

  7. Metric – metric Conversions • Conversions made by moving the decimal point • Eg .001km = 1m = 1000mm Base Gram/Meter/Liter Kilo Hecta Deka deci Centi Milli k h da d c m

  8. Unit conversion • 1 in = 2.54 cm • A meter is a little longer than 3 feet (1 yard) • A liter is about the size of a quart • 1 kg = 2.2 lbs • 10 kg dog weighs 22 lbs

  9. Temperature • Americans use the Fahrenheit scale • Science uses Celsius • Conversion formula is: • C = 5/9(F – 32)

  10. Celsius (centigrade) scale • Temperatures you should know: • 0 corresponds to 32 F (freezing) • 4 corresponds to 36 F (refrigerator) • 22 corresponds to 72 F (room temp) • 37 corresponds to 98.6 F (body temp) • 82.2 corresponds to 180 F (cagewash) • 100 corresponds to 212 F (boiling)

  11. Chemistry • The interaction of molecules and the recombination of their atoms • Atoms are the fundamental materials which make up the universe • Atoms combine to form molecules

  12. Important elements • Carbon (C) • Oxygen (O) • Hydrogen (H) • Phosphorus (P) • Nitrogen (N) • Calcium (Ca) • Sodium (Na) • Iron (Fe)

  13. Important Molecules • Some elements are naturally joined in pairs • Oxygen O2 ( 21% of air) • Nitrogen N2 • Carbon Dioxide – CO2 • Water – H2O • Salt (Sodium Chloride) - NaCl

  14. Chemistry Prefixes/Suffixes • Mono - one • Di – two • Tri- Three • Oxide – Oxygen • Hydro – Hydrogen

  15. Biochemistry • The study of chemical reactions in living organisms • Homeostasis- the balance of these chemical reactions, which is an active state - important for health and for good data • Diet, lack of water, drug overdose, high tempuratures can affect • Digestion, metabolism, and toxicity all involve chemical reactions in the body

  16. Acids, bases, and pH • Acidified water – small amount of HCL (Hydrochloric acid) • Limits the growth of microorganisms • pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions • Many hydrogen ions - acidic • Few hydrogen ions – alkaline (basic) • Scale 0-14

  17. Water – 7 (neutral) • Low numbers – acidic • High numbers - basic

  18. Acids and bases • Substances with a non-neutral pH can be corrosive • Wear protective eyewear and gloves • pH on either end are very corrosive • Measured with a special meter or pH paper which changes color according to the pH

  19. Dilutions • Reduce the concentration or “strength” of a liquid

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