Human Trafficking

1. Human Trafficking Danae Iverson – Ryan Ham – Nathan Haugrud – Michael Moran – Natsumi Shimabukuro – Jennifer Bethke – Elise Forer – Brandon Kruse

2. The Problem • What • UN Definition of Human Trafficking:The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation MM

3. The Problem • What:(cont’d) • Approximately 50,000 people are trafficked into the U.S. per year • According to UN estimates, about 2.5 (U.S. State Department actually estimates between 4 and 27) million people from 127 countries have been trafficked to 137 countries for purposes such as forced labor, sexual exploitation, the removal of organs and body parts, forced marriages, child adoption and begging. NH

4. The Problem • Who • Who is aversely affected world wide*? • Men 9% • Women 77% • Children 33% • Boys 12% • Girls 48% • Sexual Exploitation 87% • Forced Labor 28% • The sum is over 100 because this is percentages of sources in the Trafficking database that refer to cases involving the particular feature of human trafficking practice. Sources can refer to more than one victim profile or form of exploitation MM

5. The Problem • Who: (con’t) • Who benefits, or profits from this practice? • Traffickers: According to Interpol, sex trafficking is estimated to generate $7 billion for initial sale and $19 billion for labor and sex exploitation world wide annually. Also traffickers often make their victims work off “debts” (for transporting them) up to $40,000. • Farmers: Up to 50% of the estimated 15,000 people trafficked into the United States every year is for agricultural, and general labor exploitation, these are often people who are conned into getting transportation across the boarder and paying for it later, which ends up really being slavery • Pimps: Use economical and physical force to exploit women and children by forcing them to perform sexual acts for money. • Johns: These people purchase the victims for their own sexual use. • Brothel owners: are willing to pay up to 16,000 dollars to buy women, who are an investment and end up making the owners sometimes many times more than they were bought for. MM

6. The Problem • Where: Purple: Country of Origin Gray: Country of Destination Red: Both BK

7. The Problem • Where (con’t): Human trafficking is widespread, the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime document the trafficking of human beings from 127 countries to be exploited in 137 countries. Albania, China, and Lithuania are all rated very high for the countries where the country of origin is from. Whereas, Germany, Japan, and the United States are rated very high for destination countries of the exploited individuals. BK

8. The Problem • How:(does it effect individuals?) • When an individual is a victim of human trafficking it causes them physical and emotional harm. The transferring and harboring of an individual results in them suffering from sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, and damage to their reproductive parts. Often times the individual needs counseling or therapy from the traumatic stress human trafficking puts them under. JB

9. The Problem • How (someone becomes a victim) :-Trafficked people are usually the most vulnerable and powerless minorities in a region. -Most likely are from poorer areas and are often ethnic minorities. -Many are displaced persons or refugees.-There have been victims from every social background, class or race. -Children are often sold by parents.-Many victims are deceived by certain promises, such as a good job in another country or a false marriage proposal. EF

10. The Problem • When: • Those found to be victims of sex trafficking are youth between the ages of 9-19, predominately women and girls. • The average age of entry is 11. • Between 2001-2005 only 140 defendants have been convicted of human trafficking in U.S. Courts, which represents a 109% increase from 1996-2000. EF

11. The Problem • WHY: The Buyers, Sellers, and Victims • Human trafficking is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world • Why sellers sell:-Total Annual Revenue estimated to be around $42.5 billion USD-Propelled by small specialized outfits, prosecution is rare. • Why buyers buy:-Forced labor in the forms of physical labor, sexual labor, or child labor. EF

12. The Ideal State Ideally, there would be no human trafficking in the United States, since we realize this is impossible, drastically reducing the number of trafficking cases as well as providing services for those impacted is important to the protection of our society, families, and youth. JB

13. Procedure of Treatment Creation of more programs and services designed to serve trafficked victims heal and start a new life. Find a job/learn self sufficiency skills Have counseling and support groups Get enrolled in school Help them obtain a visa “ T Visa” Help contact a relative if possible Educate foster care parents to successfully care for victims DI

14. Procedure of Treatment 2. Education and public awareness -Develop creative resources about sex trafficking -Media and ads NS

15. Procedure of Treatment 3. Stricter penalties and consistent, uniform law enforcement. -the traffickers must not be allowed to use the consent of the victims as a defense against trafficking. -it must be more difficult for buyers to purchase women. -women should be treated as victims, not as criminal illegal immigrants. 4. Prisons should offer mandatory rehabilitation and counseling for trafficking offenders while completing their prison sentence. NS

16. Procedure of Treatment 5. More family involvement - Efforts to increase the value of a human life - Sex education - The demand DI

17. “Research on men who purchase sex acts has found that many of the assumptions we make about them are myths. Seldom are the men lonely or have sexually unsatisfying relationships. In fact, men who purchase sex acts are more likely to have more sexual partners than those who do not purchase sex acts. They often report that they are satisfied with their wives or partners. They say that they are searching for more – sex acts that their wives will not do or excitement that comes with the hunt for a woman they can buy for a short time. They are seeking sex without relationship responsibilities. A significant number of men say that the sex and interaction with the prostitute were unrewarding and they did not get what they were seeking; yet they compulsively repeat the act of buying sex. Researchers conclude that men are purchasing sex acts to meet emotional needs, not physical needs. Men who purchase sex acts do not respect women, nor do they want to respect women. They are seeking control and sex in contexts in which they are not required to be polite or nice, and where they can humiliate, degrade, and hurt the woman or child, if they want.”

18. Theoretical Support • Hughes, Donna M., (2001) The “Natasha” Trade: Transnational Sex Trafficking. National Institute of Justice Journal. January 2001, pg.8-15 (In 1998, Sweden passed a law that created a new offense: “gross violation of a woman’s integrity.” Prostitution was included as a type of violence against women. The “purchase of sexual services” is prohibited and is punishable by fines and/or imprisonment up to 6 months. The government was clear that this new offense marked Sweden’s attitude toward prostitution as an “undesirable social phenomenon” This law is the first that aims to protect women from violence by holding men accountable and thereby addressing the demand for women to be trafficked for prostitution.) RH

19. Theoretical Support • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, ed. Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. United Nations, Apr. 2006. Web. 19 Apr. 2010. <http://www.unodc.org/pdf/traffickinginpersons_report_2006-04.pdf>. Pg.13 • (The U.N. suggests that in order to provide for the physical, psychological, and social recovery of victims, housing, counseling, medical, psychological, material, employment, educational, and training opportunities must be provided for victims.) BK

20. Theoretical Support Dearnley, Ruth, and Steve Chalke. "Human Trafficking: Prevention, Prosecution, and Protection." UN Chronicle (2010): 52-55. United Nations Publications. Web. 19 Apr. 2010. <aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07> (Dearnley and Chalke suggest that there are ways to prevent human trafficking throughout the world. People need to be aware of human trafficking through every policy area. Whether it is improving education systems, increasing police patrol, or creating programs to raise awareness, we must use these strategies to prevent the problem. The United Nations has taken many steps to improve the problem. Start Freedom, Active Communities against Trafficking (ACT), and the Chocolate Campaign have all helped the amount of human trafficking victims decrease.) JB

21. Range of Application • Our treatment applies to all those involved in human trafficking in the U.S. (victims, traffickers, buyers). • It applies to families, school systems, educators, and youth. NH

22. Unintended Consequences • Demand for younger children might increase due to education of the risk of AIDS or STDs. • If the law becomes more inclusive of trafficking offenders, there will be more people doing illegal activity, and fuller jails. • Citizen backlash towards the raising of taxes to fund the programs and services for trafficked victims. • Resistance from parents and students towards sex ed reform? • Do not desire schools to teach children ‘moral’ or ‘personal’ values about sex. NS

23. Success or Failure? • Less victims being treated as criminals, and instead utilizing rehabilitation services. • Education prevents less people from becoming victims. • Parents and schools become more aware, knowledgeable, and involved. • Less cases of human trafficking reported. • More sellers and buyers convicted. RH

24. Bibliography • John P. Kelly. (2010, April 3). Young, beautiful and slaves :Asian brothel closings raise concerns over the extent of human trafficking in the sex trade. The Patriot Ledger,3. Retrieved April 22, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. • "Human Trafficking Facts." National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <www.ncadv.org/files/HumanTrafficking.pdf>. • "Sex Trafficking Fact Sheet." Department of Health and Human Services. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/fact_sheet.pdf>. • Janice G., Raymond PhD, Hughes PhD Donna M., and Gomez BA Carol J. "SEX TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES." Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, March 2001. Web. 25 Apr 2010. • Lederer, Laura J., “Human Rights Report on Trafficking of Women and Children: A Country-by-Country Report on a Contemporary Form of Slavery, The Protection Project, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University”. February 2001.  • Dolan, Christine. “A Report on the Exploitation of Children Emanating from the Balkan Crises: A Shattered Innocence, The Millennium Holocaust, International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children". April 2001 •  Donna M. Hughes Professor & Carlson Endowed Chair in Women’s Studies University of Rhode Island A Call to Action: Joining the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons U.S. Embassy and the Holy See Pontifical Gregorian University Rome, June 17, 2004 • Bortel, Anglea, Mary Ellingen, Mary C. Ellison, Robin Phillips, and Cheryl Thomas. Sex Trafficking Needs Assesment for the State of Minnesota. Rep. Minneapolis: Advocates for Human Rights, 2008. Print.

25. Questions?