Clean Coal Technology, The Indian Perspective: Challenges and Road Map Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP on 25

1. Clean Coal Technology, The Indian Perspective: Challenges and Road MapPresented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP on 25th Jan 2012 Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

2. Coal The most Significant Source of Energy Some 23% of primary energy needs are met by coal and 39% of electricity is generated from coal. About 70% of world steel production depends on coal feedstock. Coal is the world's most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel source. The International Energy Agency expects a 43% increase in its use from 2000 to 2020. Burning coal produces about 12 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year which is released to the atmosphere, about 70% of this being from power generation. Other estimates put carbon dioxide emissions from power generation at one third of the world total of over 28 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

3. What are Clean Coal Solutions? A continuously developing range of technology solutions whichimprove the efficiency and environmental impact of using coalas an energy source. ● Beneficiating coal (pre-combustion) – coal de-watering, washing andbriquetting. ● Efficient alternative uses of coal reserves – UCG, coal seam methane ● Efficiency improvements of power plants (post combustion)– Plantupgrades, ● Supercritical and ultra supercritical plants. ● Advanced technologies – IGCC, PFBC and IGFC ● Super-Advanced Technologies – Carbon sequestration or elimination Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

4. Why are Clean Coal solutions so important? • Dual Crisis - Energy crisis v Climate change crisis • Energy Crisis – Quick Stats (international Energy Agency, WEO 2006) • Global energy demand will increase by 70% by 2030. • 70% of the increase will come from China and India. • Fossil fuels will account for 83% of global energy production. • Coal will makeup 25% of all fossil fuels used – The largest contributor. • Power generation will account for over 80% of increased Coal usage. • Energy Crisis---Impacts and Concerns • Fear and uncertainty for growing economies on how to fuel their continuedeconomic success is rising. • Coal is the most abundant source of energy in the world and will becontinued to be used as the major feedstock for electricity production forat least the next 30-40 years Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012 Dual Crisis - Energy crisis v Climate change crisis Dual Crisis - Energy crisis v Climate change crisis Energy Crisis – Quick Stats (international Energy Agency, WEO 2006) Energy Crisis – Quick Stats (international Energy Agency, WEO 2006) Global energy demand will increase by 70% by 2030. Global energy demand will increase by 70% by 2030. ● ● 70% of the increase will come from China and India. 70% of the increase will come from China and India. ● ● Fossil fuels will account for 83% of global energy production. Fossil fuels will account for 83% of global energy production. ● ● Coal will makeup 25% of all fossil fuels used – The largest contributor. Coal will makeup 25% of all fossil fuels used – The largest contributor. ● ● Power generation will account for over 80% of increased Coal usage. Power generation will account for over 80% of increased Coal usage. ● ● Fear and uncertainty for growing economies on how to fuel their continued Fear and uncertainty for growing economies on how to fuel their continued economic success is rising. economic success is rising. Coal is the most abundant source of energy in the world and will be Coal is the most abundant source of energy in the world and will be continued to be used as the major feedstock for electricity production for continued to be used as the major feedstock for electricity production for at least the next 30-40 years at least the next 30-40 years

5. UNIVERSAL ENERGY ACCESS BY2030 There are estimates that more than 2 Billion people lack access to clean and modern energy sources. In China, 423 Million people rely on conventional biomass for cooking applications. The corresponding number in India and Africa is 855 and 657 Million respectively. Almost 400 million Indians lack access to electricity. The per capita electricity consumption of India is a measly 600 kWh as against over 12,000 for the US. Providing clean and cheap energy access is a major challenge, especially in the developing countries. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

6. India’s Power Sector..Reliance on Coal Availability of, and access to, electricity is a crucial element of modern economies and it helpspave the way for human development. Accordingly, the power sector has been given a highpriority in the national planning processes in India and a concerted focus on enhancing thissector has resulted in significant gains in generation and availability of electricity in the yearssince independence. Coal-based power has driven much of the growth in India’s power sector over the past threedecades. By 2004-05, coal and lignite accounted for about 57% of installed capacity (68 GW outof 118 GW) and 71% of generated electricity (424 TWh out of 594 TWh) in the country; Currently, the power sector consumes about 80% of the coal produced in the country. As thedemand for electricity is expect to rise dramatically over the next decade, coal will continue to be the dominant energy source. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

7. India’s Power Sector Reliance on Sub Critical Technology The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has estimated that meeting electricity demand over the next ten years will require more than doubling the existing capacity,from about 132 GW in 2007 to about 280 GW by 2017, of which at least 80 GW of new capacityis expected to be based on coal. Sub-critical pulverized coal (PC) combustion power plants manufactured by Bharat HeavyElectricals Limited (BHEL) – based on technologies licensed from various internationalmanufacturers – have been the backbone of India’s coal-power sector. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

8. India’s Load Curve…Recipe for Disaster Can Smart Metering Help? Load Shedding Urban Centric Supply Tariff Distortion Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

9. History of Efficiencies of Indian Power Plants Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

10. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

11. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

12. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

13. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

14. The International Scene on Technology: Internationally Combustion based on supercritical steam, offering higher efficiencies than sub-critical PC, is a commercial technology. Ultra-supercritical PC, which offers even higher efficiency, is also being deployed,while oxy-fuel combustion for facilitating capture of carbon-dioxide (CO2) is underdevelopment. Integrated gasification with combined-cycle operation (IGCC), with significantpotential for high efficiency and for cost-effective reduction of CO2 and other emissions, is likely to be commercially available in the near future. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

15. Coal-fired power generation, thermal efficiency OECD Projected Costs of Generating Electricity 2010, Tables 3.3.PCC= pulverised coal combustion, AC= air-cooled, WC= water-cooled. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

16. Costs and Efficiencies of some referenced plants Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

17. Chaleenges to Development of Ultra Super Critical Units The most important challenge is to develop materials to withstand the tough operating conditions Main requirements: Creep rupture strength >100 MPa at 100,000 hrs Resistance to fire side corrosion at elevated temperatures Resistance to steam side oxidation Good thermal conductivity Low coefficient of expansion Good manufacturability Amenable to casting, forging, welding, and manufacture of pipes and tubes Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

18. Adv-USC Materials Nickel based alloys have been developed for 700 °C application: IN 617, IN740, Alloy 263 and their variants Development is also in progress to develop improved materials to meet specific objectives: 12-15%Cr Advanced Martensitic Steels for temperatures up to 650 °C Z Phase strengthening steels up to 650 °C Low Nickel alloys for 700 °C to 710 °C Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

19. Additional Challenges for Adv-USC in India Developing indigenous processes and capacities for complex alloys and other materials Developing technologies and vendors for castings, forgings for steam turbines and pipes and tubes for boilers Developing welding technologies for thick sections and for dissimilar metals in welded rotors Characterisation and long term testing of indigenously produced materials Component testing facility for corrosion with Indian coals Developing capabilities for ab initio design of equipment like boilers and steam turbines Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

20. India’s Energy Woes…An Ailing Power Sector In the case of electric power, any increase in generation capacity is more than offset by inefficiencies and wastage at every stage — generation, transmission, distribution and delivery. Without fixing these inefficiencies and wastage, increasing generation capacity and production is like filling a bucket full of holes! Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

21. The key challenges facing India’s power sector : An urgent need to increase energy and electricity availability for human and infrastructure development; Increasing energy security; Local environment protection and pollution control; and Control of greenhouse gas emissions (particularly carbon dioxide). Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

22. The key challenges facing India’s power sector • Generating utility-scale electricity from coal requires a range of tradeoffs – financial, natural resource, environmental, and social – and there is need to meet the requirements of a diverse set of stakeholders who have strong concerns about decisions made in this sector. • We need to cut down on transmission and distribution losses and • Untangle the environmental problems that coal mining has run into. • Policymakers have to balance the needs of development with environmental considerations. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

23. Major Constraints in meeting these key challenges The task of meeting these broad challenges is further complicatedby several constraints: Availability and quality of domestic coal; Limited financial resources; Inadequate technical capacity for R&D, manufacturing, and O&M; and The institutionalcharacteristics of the Indian power sector. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

24. Options in Clean Coal Technology for India: Commercial supercritical combustion technology is the best option forIndia in the short-to-medium term. While gasification and advanced combustion technologieswill be potentially important options for the longer-term future, there are significant issuessurrounding the current relevance of these emerging technologies for India, includinguncertainties in technical and cost trajectory, suitability for Indian conditions, and timing ofIndia’s greenhouse-gas mitigation commitments. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

25. Suggested Roadmap For India: implement the following roadmap: (a) improve the efficiency of the power system (generating stock, T&D network, and end-usesectors) to reduce the need for addition in generation capacity and therefore buy time for making appropriate technology decisions; (b) implement supercritical-combustion-based generation plants to meet capacity addition needsin the short-to-medium term; Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

26. Suggested Roadmap For India: (c) enforce and tighten local environmental pollution controls through better pollution control technologies and greater and meaningful public participation; and (d) invest in a focused plan to examine geological carbon storage options, with detailedassessment of CO2 storage locations, capacity and storage mechanisms in order to collectvaluable information for India’s carbon mitigation options and inform future technologyselection as well as siting decisions for coal-power plants. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

27. Suggested Roadmap For India: • (e) Evaluate on an ongoing basis the appropriateness of emerging • technologies for India througha monitoring and feasibility • assessment program, and • (f) By advancing specific elements ofthese technologies and ensure • that they can be deployed as and when needed through • (g) Strategic research, development, and demonstration program, in partnership with key actorsfrom the coal and hydrocarbon mining, and the petrochemical industry; • (h) Consolidate the existing coal-based R&D programs in • industry, research institutes, and academia under a common vision with specific objectives and plans for the future, and help make appropriate international linkages Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012

28. Funding Global transition to low carbon technologies is inherently an expensive option. For instance, most renewable sources are expensive as compared with conventional technologies. Wind is now almost cost competitive, but solar power is very expensive; almost four times that of coal based power generation. Developing countries would be unable to undertake such a transition in the absence of a global funding initiative to incentivize a large – scale deployment of renewable power. The present mechanisms such as CDM and World Bank/GEF funded projects have only gone so far and are not adequate for large scale adoption of renewable sources in developing countries. Presented by Himadri Banerji at TREC-STEP Clean Coal Tiruchirapalli on 25th Jan 2012