Energy Efficiency

1. Energy Efficiency Less energy, same service

2. A Watt Saved is a Watt Earned • “There’s no cheaper, cleaner power than the power that you don’t have to produce” –Gary Zarker

3. End Use/ Least-Cost Thinking • Most people don’t demand kilowatt-hours of electricity or barrels of oil, but rather the end-use services they provide—lighting, air-conditioning, mobility…

4. Traditionally, electric companies have been in the business of supplying electrons from giant, centralized systems to gain economies of scale. • Many have realized that it is more profitable to help their customers save electricity than to sell them more of it (thus losing economies of scale).

5. Energy Policy Act of 2003 • Requires a 20% reduction in federal building energy use by 2013. • Adds funding for energy efficient programs for public buildings. • Increases fuel efficiency standards for federal vehicles. • Authorizes $3.4B for each fiscal year through 2006 for the Low Income Housing Assistance Program. • Expands the energy star program. • Establishes new efficiency standards for commercial and consumer products.

6. Tunneling Through The Cost Barrier • By the time the design for most human artifacts is completed but before they have actually been built, about 80-90 percent of their lifecycle costs have already been committed.1

7. Effective Designs Are Not Optimized in a Vacuum • Designs in nature are optimized in coevolution with the ecosystem. • For the same reason, an engineer cannot design an optimal fan except as a part of an optimal cooling system which in turn is a function of the building it is in (optimally designed considering the neighborhood, culture, climate…)

8. Start Downstream to Turn Compounding Losses into Savings. • Manufacturing carpet requires melting bitumen by means of a hot oil pumping loop. • Engineers optimize pipe size in isolation by comparing the extra cost of a fatter pipe with the energy it can save through less pumping. • Redesigning this pumping loop cut Interface’s power requirements from 70.8 to 5.3 kW (substituting 7 for 95 horsepower pump: a 92% energy reduction), cost less to build, and worked better in every way.

9. Principles applied to gain the efficiency • Big Pipes (fat, short and straight), small pumps (not the other way around) • Lay the pipes first, then the equipment (not the other way around)

10. Benefits

11. Why This Matters • Motors use 3/5 of the world’s electricity. • Pumping is the biggest use of motors. • Most of the motor’s energy is spent fighting friction. • Saving one unit of friction in the pipe saves 10 units of fuel at the power plant. • Almost every energy-using system has been mis-designed in the same way.2

12. Tunneling Through The Cost Barrier, Revisited $ MC Cost barrier MB Cummulative Energy savings

13. Energy loss or Energy Saving?

14. Energy loss or Potential Saving? • Typical industrial pumping system contains so many compounding losses that about 100 energy units of fossil fuel will deliver only ten energy units of flow out of the pipe. -OR- • Saving one unit of energy furthest downstream (reducing friction in the pipes) avoids enough compounding losses to save ten units of fuel, cost, and pollution back at the power plant.

15. Downstream First • This compounding effect enables each successive component, as you go back upstream, to become smaller, simpler and cheaper. • Downstream savings merit the greatest emphasis because they reduce both energy and capital costs.

16. Do things in the Right Order …so as to maximize their favorable interactions. • E.g. Retrofitting lighting and AC • Do lights first • Require a smaller AC

17. New Construction • Government Use • The federal government is the single largest user of energy. • Energy costs can be up to ten percent of the government’s operating budget • State and local governments spend up to 11 billion dollars annually on fixed-site energy costs

19. Office Buildings and Retail • Retail and office buildings account for thirty-five percent of energy use and sixty percent of annual electricity use • Thirty-seven percent of total energy costs in retail buildings is lighting • Office equipment make up sixteen percent of the total energy used by an office building

20. Building to Increase Energy Efficiency • Instead of viewing a potential new building as a collection of parts, using whole-building design is the best way to achieve maximum energy efficiency.

21. HVAC—Natural gas-powered absorption chillers/heaters; radiant floor heating; passive solar heating Daylighting Biodegradable materials, sustainably harvested wood, low water use equipment Window Glazing, compact fluorescent lighting Building-integrated photovoltaic panels Fuel Cells Insulation Materials to Achieve Energy Efficiency

22. Costs • Most estimates in building a “green” building is five to ten percent more than a regular building • The Cambria Office building in Pennsylvania cost an estimated $93 per square foot. • Additional costs to the Lockheed Building 157 was $2 million. • The ING Bank put its “green” costs at $700,000.

23. Benefits • In general, a 40-50% reduction in energy costs can be expected. • Lockheed Building 157 experienced annual savings of $500,000. • ING Bank yielded savings of $2.6 million in the first year. • In addition, both companies reported absenteeism down by 15% • In some cases, retail stores have reported up to a 25% increase in sales in daylit portions of stores.

24. By optimizing a building’s standard components such as the site, windows, walls, floors, and mechanical and electrical systems, one can substantially reduce energy use and costs without a drastic increase in construction costs

25. Energy Efficient Solutions • can reduce the energy bill for many homeowners and businesses by 20 to 30 percent. eesi@eesi.orghttp://www.eesi.org/publications/Fact%20Sheets/EEREBudget2004.htm

28. Energy Efficiency • The largest energy savings to date have been accomplished by energy efficiency standards and by targeted incentives for products currently available in the marketplace. • For example, appliance efficiency standards adopted to date will cut U.S. electric peak demand in 2020 by 120,000 MW, or over 12%, while saving some $200 billion

29. Energy Efficiency • Applies to everything from the building envelope, which includes energy efficient windows, insulation, foundation, and the roof, to appliances, lights, and air-conditioning systems. • It also applies to space heating and cooling systems, which are aided through the use of automated controls, ventilation, improved duct systems, and other advanced technologies. • Energy efficiency can also apply to water heating when combined with water-efficient appliances and fixtures that will save water, energy, and money. http://www.nrel.gov/buildings/pv/h_energy_solar.html

30. Thermal Envelope • A house's thermal envelope includes its roof, walls, floors, windows and doors; in other words, every item that separates the inside from the outside.

31. Insulation • Insulation is measured in terms of its resistance to heat loss or "R-value." Twice the R-value means half the heat loss, so higher R-values are generally desirable. • Never compress insulation as this reduces the air spaces that keep the warmth in. • Walls and Floors: In addition to your attic, insulating under the floor, around hot water pipes and heating ducts, and in crawl spaces will make a big difference in your energy bills. • Patch cracks and insulate in heated basements. • If unheated: seal spaces around heating vents and other openings to the heated part of the house (but be careful not to block vents that allow moisture to escape!). • Before you remove old insulation, check to make sure it's not asbestos.

32. Leaks and Drafts • The potential energy savings draft reduction may range from 5% to 30% per year, and the home is generally much more comfortable afterwards. • Just the gaps around windows and doors in an average American house are the equivalent of a 3 foot by 3 foot hole in the wall!

33. Attics • Start by making sure your attic is well insulated. This step alone can save 20-35% in heating costs and up to 35% on air-conditioning costs. • Seal holes with caulk or compressed fiberglass insulation. • Adding roof vents (otherwise your attic will trap hot air in the summer). • Weather-strip or caulk around doors and windows.

34. Seal leaks • Around electric switches and outlets. And choose vinyl or wood frames instead of aluminum framing. • Stop air from escaping under outside doors with easy-to-install "sweeps" or "shoes.“ • Seal gaps around loose window panes with window putty. • Weatherization reduces an average home's energy costs by $218 a year. For every dollar spent, weatherization returns $1.40 in energy savings over the life of the measures.

35. Curtains and Drapes • An effective way to shield out the sun during the summer, especially if they are lined with a white backing. • For keeping warm during the winter months, consider installing storm windows or new double-pane windows.

36. U-level • The National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) label. It should be 0.35 or lower. • Choose high-efficiency options: such as windows with low-e coatings or argon filling. • These can greatly reduce the tremendous amount of heat that escapes through typical single-pane windows.

37. Cool Savings: The Super-Efficient Refrigerator • Refrigerators commonly account for as much as 20% of household electricity use. • A coalition of electric utilities and environmental organizations recently challenged American manufacturers to design a super efficient refrigerator that minimized the use of ozone-depleting CFCs. They succeeded. That means if you're in the market for a new refrigerator in the next few years, you may be able to choose one that uses as much as 30% less energy than competing models and contains 90% fewer ozone depleting materials.

38. A Bright Idea: The Compact Fluorescent • Fit in most household fixtures and give off the same warm, steady light as incandescents, but use only a quarter of the energy! • Compact fluorescents are initially more expensive, but each bulb lasts 10X as long as incandescent, and saves as much as $30 - $40 in energy costs over its life. • Energy for lighting accounts for about 10% of your electric bill

39. Shop for Efficiency • One of the best ways you can help change the way America uses energy is by being an energy-smart consumer. • When it's time to retire an old appliance, you can typically replace it with a new model that uses only half the energy. • Even though high efficiency models may cost extra, most will more than make up the difference in energy savings over their lifetime.

40. Appliances • If you live in a typical U.S. home, your appliances are responsible for about 20% of your energy bills. Refrigerators, freezers, clothes washers, dryers, dishwashers, and ranges and ovens are the primary energy-using appliances in most households (hot water heaters are discussed in the Water Heating section). Taking steps to save energy while using these appliances, and replacing old inefficient appliances with modern ones, can save you money.

41. Look for energy-saving features. • Labels on most major household appliances tell you how the energy costs for a particular model compare to those for similar models. • Air conditioners - An "EER" rating of 12 is good, 14 or more is excellent. Consider your specific needs: appropriate size and model of appliance, oversized air conditioner or water heater = wasting energy and money. • An air-dry setting can cut the energy use of a dishwasher by 40% • Clothes washers w/ adjustable water levels & dryers with moisture sensors & cool-downcycles also save energy.

42. ENERGY STAR • A government-backed program • Protect the environment through superior energy efficiency. • Last year alone, Americans, with the help of ENERGY STAR, saved enough energy to power 20 million homes and avoid greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to those from 18 million cars - all while saving $9 billion.

43. Energy Star new homes are designed to save 30% of HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) and hot water. These two end uses typically make up around 60% of the total bill, so the Energy Star new home will save about 20% of the total bill. These homes have no restrictions, or rules about the appliances and gadgets that the owners can bring in, so there are no savings in these areas.

44. Energy Star new homes are designed to save 30% of HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) and hot water. These two end uses typically make up around 60% of the total bill, so the Energy Star new home will save about 20% of the total bill. These homes have no restrictions, or rules about the appliances and gadgets that the owners can bring in, so there are no savings in these areas.

45. If you were to retrofit an existing home with the equivalent measures used in an Energy Star new home by making HVAC and hot water improvements and bringing in efficient appliances, you conceivably could realize greater savings than an Energy Star New Home, depending on the quality of your retrofit job.

46. Retrofits on existing housing are generally more expensive than incorporating the same efficiency measure into the construction of a new home, and they may not work as well, depending on the quality of work. Visit our Home Energy Advisor to see the potential savings from retrofiting your house... http://hes.lbl.gov/hes/answerdesk_dat.html

47. Energy Efficient Choices • Can save families about a third on their energy bill with similar savings of greenhouse gas emissions, without sacrificing features, style or comfort. • If looking for new household products, look for ones that have earned the ENERGY STAR. They meet strict energy efficiency guidelines set by the EPA and US Department of Energy.

48. The typical household spends $1,400 a year on energy bills. With ENERGY STAR, you can save up to 30% or more than $400 per year.

49. Small Things = Big Savings • Switch off unused lights • choose the right appliance for the job • clean the lint filter in your dryer after every use. • Keep heating and air conditioning systems properly maintained and tuned. This includes changing air filters and keeping air conditioner coils clean and straight. • programmable thermostats can reduce the energy used for air conditioning or heating by 5 to 30%. I • install low-flow showerheads and faucet aerators, • wash full loads in your dishwasher and use short cycles for all but the dirtiest dishes

50. (3) Wrap your water heater in a water heater blanket, especially if it's located in an unheated part of the house. Also insulate hot water pipes leaving the heater. Set the temperature at 120 degrees for normal use; for dishwashers without temperature boosters, set the water heater at 140 degrees. (4) Save water and the energy needed to heat water.