New Political Parties

1. Whigs 1852: last election where the Whigs are a powerhouse supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protection. Many northern supporters abandon the party due to their willingness to compromise on slavery issues Free Soil Party Created in 1848 Sought to end slavery in new territories. New Political Parties

2. The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] • Nativists. • Anti-Catholics. • Anti-immigrants.

3. Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 • Northern Whigs. • Northern Democrats. • Free-Soilers. • Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. • Goal was to stop the “Slave Power”

4. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 • Stephen Douglas proposal for all territories to have popular sovereignty in deciding the question of slavery

5. “Bleeding Kansas” 5/24/1856 Southerners attacked and looted newspaper offices and homes in Lawrence, Kansas

6. John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? In response to the border ruffians illegally voting and violence, Brown and his followers drag 5 men from their homes and kill them in front of their families.

7. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 • Slaves, because they were not citizens were denied the right to sue in court. • Enslaved people could not win freedom simply by living in a free state or territory • Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional and all of the U.S. and its territories were opened to slavery.

8. The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 Douglas: Popular Sovereignty majority of the people in a state or territory could rule as they wished including making slavery legal Lincoln: Majority should have the power to deny a minority their rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

9. John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859 • Attempted to attack the arsenal and arm nearby slaves to lead a rebellion • Failed miserably and Brown is captured and hanged, making him a martyr to many antislavery supporters • “I…am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with Blood.”

10. 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

11. 1860 Election Results Republicans win due to the Democratic Party splitting in three

12. Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

13. Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY) Advocated reinstating the Missouri Compromise line of 36° 30’ N for determining slavery in the territories. Failed.

14. The Civil War1861-1865

15. Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

16. "If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that." -Pres. Abraham Lincoln August 1862 The Civil War was a battle over federalism! Who has the ultimate power—federal government or the states?

17. President Jefferson Davis Confederate States of America (CSA) Capital: Montgomery, AL then Richmond, VA Vice President Alexander Stephens

18. “Dixie” O, I wish I was in the land of cottonOld times there are not forgottenLook away! Look away!Look away! Dixie Land.In Dixie Land where I was born inEarly on one frosty mornin'Look away! Look away!Look away! Dixie Land. Chorus:O, I wish I was in Dixie!Hooray! Hooray!In Dixie Land I'll take my standTo live and die in DixieAway, away,Away down south in Dixie!

19. Comparing North and South in 1861

20. Northern Advantages • Population 22 m.+ vs. 9 m. • More industry • More railroads • Established govt. • Navy

22. Southern Advantages 7 of 8 military colleges were in the South Most trained officers were Southerners Eager to fight to protect their homeland Easier to be on the defensive Southern Advantages

23. Union StrategyThe Anaconda Plan • Blockade Southern ports. • Control the Miss. River and split the South. • Capture Richmond. • Defeat the Confederate Army • Cutting of trade with Europe.

24. South War of attrition Voluntarily stopped exporting cotton trying to get foreign nations to recognize their independence, thus reopening trade. Early Military Strategy

25. “Battle Hymn of the Republic”Julia Ward Howe poem first appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in February 1862.She wrote it after visiting a Union army camp. It became the Union’s most famous song. He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat; He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment seat; Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer Him! be jubilant, my feet; Our God is marching on. Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Our God is marching on. In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea, With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me: As He died to make men holy, let us live to make men free; [originally …let us die to make men free] While God is marching on. Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! While God is marching on. He is coming like the glory of the morning on the wave, He is wisdom to the mighty, He is honor to the brave; So the world shall be His footstool, and the soul of wrong His slave, Our God is marching on. Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Our God is marching on. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord; He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword; His truth is marching on. Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! His truth is marching on. I have seen Him in the watch fires of a hundred circling camps They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and damps; I can read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps; His day is marching on. Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! His day is marching on. I have read a fiery Gospel writ in burnished rows of steel; “As ye deal with My contemners, so with you My grace shall deal”; Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent with His heel, Since God is marching on. Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Since God is marching on.

26. Battle of Bull Run“On To Richmond” • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Richmond, VA- Confederate Capital

27. Ironclads

28. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas)July, 1861

29. 1862Battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac. • Ironclad- Wooden ships with Iron plate armor

30. The Battle of the Ironclads,March, 1862 The Monitor vs.the Merrimac

31. September 17, 1862 26,000 casualties in one day Union victorious after discovering Lee’s battle plan, but failed to pursue them back to Virginia Significances bloodiest day of the Civil War Southern defeat ends discussion among the French to recognize the CSA Northern victory causes Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation Battle of Antietam

32. Famous Civil War Figures Gen. Robert E. Lee • Considered the best officer in the US prior to the war • 1862 becomes the General of the Army of Northern Virginia • Greatest general of the war • Won numerous battles in spite of inferior troop numbers Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • Cavalry general • Hero of the First Battle of Bull Run and 1862 Valley Campaign. • Shot by his own troops at the Battle of Chancellorsville. • Died days later of complications from pneumonia. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant • Wins earliest Union victories in the West (Forts Henry and Donelson) • Success at Vicksburg causes Lincoln to appoint him General of the Potomac • Constantly advanced his army • Defeated Lee Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest • Enlisted as a private • Best cavalryman of the war • Hero of the Battle of Chickamauga • Led the Massacre of Fort Pillow • 1st Grand Wizard of the KKK

33. CSA constitution reiterated the legality of slavery and states’ rights Violations of states’ rights April 1862 – passed the first conscription (draft) act in US history Seized control of railroads Planned economy Farmers were required to contribute 1/10th of products Imposed personal income tax Sought recognition from Europe Politics in the South

34. Tension with Britain Britain acted as privateers for the South Trent incident: Britain sends 8,000 troops to Canada. Republicans in Power Most Democrats left Congress, thus the Republican majority passed a slew of legislation 1861 – passed the first personal income tax law (3-5%) in US history Pacific Railway Act (1862) – build a railroad from Nebraska to the Pacific Ocean Legal Tender Act (1862) – created a national currency nicknamed greenbacks Internal Revenue Act (1862) – imposed taxes on liquor, tobacco, medicine and newspaper ads Homestead Act (1863) – offered free gov land to people willing to settle on it Raised tariffs Opposition Copperheads – Democrats that stayed loyal to the Union but opposed war Lincoln declares martial law in Kentucky and suspends the writ of habeas corpus elsewhere Politics in the North Copperhead Clement Vallandigham

35. Effective Jan. 1, 1863 – only freed slaves in states in rebellion Further made European recognition of the CSA unlikely due to strong antislavery sentiment The war now included slavery, not just federalism Created a higher moral cause to fight Emancipation Proclamation

36. Emancipation in 1863

37. March 3, 1863 – Union passes the conscription act requiring military service for all person 18-45. People could avoid the draft by sending a replacement or pay $300 July 13-16, 1863 100+ dead including 11 blacks Union sent in troops to quell the rioters New York City Draft Riots

38. Union recognized slaves as contraband and thus could take control of them. Then they’d free them. 10% of Union troops were African-Americans Segregated from white soldiers, but each black regiment had white officers 54th Massachusetts Infantry African-Americans in the War

39. South Economy Food shortages Farmers kept growing cotton instead of food Labor shortages Women filled many roles Inflation The collective hardships led some Confederates to desert Medical Care More soldiers died of disease than any other cause during the war Due to poor sterilization practices, insufficient medical facilities, poor nutrition, contaminated food, and harsh weather conditions. Many nurses tended to ailing soldiers including Clara Barton who later founded the American Red Cross and poet Walt Whitman Southern Economy and Medical Care Clara Barton

40. Confederate Prison Campat Point Lookout, MD • Planned to hold 10,000 men. • Had almost 50,000 at one time.

41. Point Lookout Memorialof 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisoners

42. Union Prison Campat Andersonville, GA

43. Original Andersonville Plan • Planned to hold 10,000 men. • Had over 32,000 at one time.

44. Distributing “Rations”

45. Union “Survivors”

46. July 1-3, 1863 Greatest battle in North American history Confederate goal was to win a victory on Union soil thus demoralizing them Significances bloodiest battle of the Civil War 23,000 Union casualties (27%) 28,000 Confederate casualties (37%) Lee retreated back to Virginia and the Union received a much needed victory Battle of Gettysburg Day 1 Day 2 Day 3

48. “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” -Pres. Abraham Lincoln November 19, 1863 “Gettysburg Address”

49. Ulysses S. Grant is given command of the Union forces Appoints friend William Tecumseh Sherman as commander of Union troops in the West Plan is to use the North’s superior population and industry to wear down the CSA Eastern theater Grant vs. Lee Battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor all see Grant constantly advance his troops towards Richmond despite large number of casualties Decides to lay siege to Petersburg, an important railroad hub, thus attempting to cut off supplies to Richmond Lee’s troops dig trenches and wait for the November election hoping Lincoln will be voted out of office 1864

50. Sherman’s March to the Sea