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FHM TRAINING TOOLS. This training presentation is part of FHM’s commitment to creating and keeping safe workplaces. Be sure to check out all the training programs that are specific to your industry. Health Hazards. OSHA Hazards for Construction (1926). OSH Act of 1970.
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FHM TRAINING TOOLS This training presentation is part of FHM’s commitment to creating and keeping safe workplaces. Be sure to check out all the training programs that are specific to your industry.
Health Hazards OSHA Hazards for Construction (1926)
OSH Act of 1970 • The purpose of the OSH Act is to “assure so far as possible every working, man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.”
Routes of Entry • Inhalation • airborne contaminants • Absorption • penetration through the skin • Ingestion • eating • drinking
OSHA Hierarchy of Control • Engineering controls • Work practice controls • Administrative controls • Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Types of Exposure • Acute • Short term period between exposure and onset of symptoms • Chronic • Long time period between exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants • OSHA • Occupational Safety and Health Administration • NIOSH • National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health • ACGIH • American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants • OSHA • PEL, STEL, Ceiling • NIOSH • TWA, STEL, Ceiling • ACGIH • TWA, STEL, Ceiling
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants • TWA • takes into account variable exposure through a full shift, 8 hour work day • STEL • limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes • CEILING • absolute maximum level of exposure not to be exceeded
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants • Legally enforceable • OSHA PEL • OSHA AL (action level) • OSHA EL (excursion limit)
SilicaSpecial Emphasis Program (SEP) • Special Emphasis Program--Silica • OSHA’s Industrial Hygiene initiative • Collaboration of OSHA Compliance and Consultation Programs SiO2
Why Target Crystalline Silica Exposure? • Widespread occurrence and use • Number of related deaths • Number of exposed workers • Health effects
Occurrence and Use of Silica • SiO2 - basic component of sand, quartz & granite • Quartz - 2nd most common mineral in the earth’s crust • Airborne silica is produced by:
Airborne silica is produced by: sandblasting rock drilling foundry work stone cutting drilling quarrying tunneling jack hammering concrete manufacturing demolition asphalt pavement manufacturing Occurrence and Use of Silica
Jack hammering Rock drilling Abrasive blasting Concrete mixing Brick and concrete block or slab cutting Construction Targeting
Permissible Exposure Limit(PEL) for Silica 10 mg/m3 % Quartz +2 = ? mg/m3 PEL for respirable dust containing a % silica.
Silicosis Prevention Program • Medical surveillance program • baseline examination • medical and occupational history prior to exposure • every 5 years if < 20 years of exposure • every 2 years if > 20 years of exposure • baseline chest x-ray • pulmonary function tests (PFT) • x-ray upon termination of employment Source: OSHA SEP
Silicosis Prevention Program • Personal air monitoring program • Training and information on crystalline silica • Availability of air and medical surveillance data to workers • Respiratory protection program Source: OSHA SEP
Silicosis Prevention Program • Hygiene facilities and clothing change areas • Recordkeeping • Personal exposures below the PEL OR facility has an abatement program that provides interim worker protection • Housekeeping program • Regulated areas Source: OSHA SEP
Health Effects • Acute - intense crystalline silica exposure • Accelerated - more intense exposure over 5 to 15 years • Chronic - 20 to 45 years prolonged exposure to crystalline silica
Common Hazard • Abrasive blasting • Paint removal • Renovation & demolition • Road repair
Exposure Controls Substitution • Coal slag (black beauty) • Steel grit • Aluminum oxide • Wild stuff (frozen CO2, walnut shells, baking soda
Exposure ControlsWet Methods • Water suppression of dust • Very effective method • May be less efficient • Requires supply of water and clean up • Power tools with HEPA exhaust
Silica Case Example • 39 year old sandblaster diagnosed with silicosis and tuberculosis after 22 years of abrasive blasting • shortness of breath • wheezing • chest discomfort • lung tissue samples - extensive fibrosis (silicosis)
Silica Case Example • 49 year old man diagnosed with silicosis, emphysema, and asthma after 21 years of work as a tile installer where he was exposed to dust from cutting, drilling, and working with grout. He was a nonsmoker
Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127 • Blue-white metal • Grayish-white powder • Found in lead, copper, and zinc sulfide ores • Compounds • highly colored from brown to yellow and red
Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127 • Uses • electrode component in alkaline batteries • stabilizer in plastics • paints
Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127 • Short term exposure • irritation of upper respiratory tract • constriction of the throat • metallic taste • cough • flu-like symptoms
Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127 • Long term exposure • kidney damage • lung cancer • prostate cancer
Scope • All occupational exposure to cadmium compounds • in all construction work • construction • alteration • repair
Wrecking Demolition Salvage Use of cadmium containing paints Cutting, brazing, burning, grinding or welding Electrical grounding w/cadmium Installation of cadmium products Emergencies Transportation, disposal, and storage Covered Activities
Definitions • Action level (AL) • 2.5 g/m3 • Competent person (29 CFR 1926.32) • determines presence of cadmium • regulated areas • access • PPE • training
Permissible Exposure Limit PEL = 5 g/m3
Exposure Monitoring • Prior to performance • Exposure at or above the AL • relevant plans • reports • MSDSs • other records • Frequency • Additional monitoring ?
Initial Monitoring • As soon as practicable • Higher concentrations • monitor while conducting task • Objective data • Documentation • > 5 g/m3 • < 5 g/m3
Prohibited Activities • Eating • Drinking • Smoking • Chew tobacco • Apply cosmetics OR carry such products into regulated areas
Methods of Compliance • Intermittent exposure • Exposure < 30 days per year • Engineering and work practice controls are not feasible • reduce exposure to lowest level • PPE
Methods of Compliance Employee Rotation
Compliance Program • Exposure > PEL • Written program • Review and update as necessary
Other Requirements • Hygiene areas and practices • Housekeeping • Medical Surveillance • 30 or more days > action level • Communicating hazards • Recordkeeping
Lead in Construction Standard29 CFR 1926.62 • SCOPE AND APPLICATION • Applies to all construction work where an employee may be occupationally exposed to lead. • Excludes construction work covered in the general industry standard.
Applies to: Demolition Removal and Encapsulation New construction, alteration, repair, or renovation Installation of products containing lead Lead contamination/ emergency cleanup Transportation, disposal, storage Maintenance operations associated with construction Lead in Construction Standard
Selected Definitions • LEAD • Metallic lead • All inorganic lead compounds • Organic lead soaps ~ Excludes organic lead compounds. ~
Selected Definitions • COMPETENT PERSON • ACTION LEVEL (AL) • 30 g/m3 • PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL) • 50 g/m3
Selected Definitions • ALLOWABLE EXPOSURE (in g/m3) 400 # hours worked
Selected Definitions • INITIAL DETERMINATION • To determine whether employees are exposed at above the action level • May rely on historical data • May rely on objective data
Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction • INITIAL DETERMINATION • TASK 1 TRIGGERS: • Exposure up to 500 g/m3 (10 x the PEL) • Activities include: • manual demolition of structures, hand scrapping or sanding, heat guns, power tool cleaning with dust collection systems, spray painting
Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction • INITIAL DETERMINATION • TASK 2 TRIGGERS: • Exposure up to 2,500 g/m3 (>10 x the PEL, but less than 2,500 g/m3 ) • Activities include: • using lead containing mortar, cleanup where dry expendable abrasives are used, rivet busting, power tool cleaning without dust collection systems, movement/removal of enclosures
Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction • INITIAL DETERMINATION • TASK 3 TRIGGERS: • Exposure > 2,500 g/m3 (>50 x the PEL) • Activities include: • abrasive blasting, welding, cutting, torch burning
Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction • POSITIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION • Exposure at or above the action level and below the PEL • Conduct monitoring representative of each exposed employee • May use historical data • Additional monitoring - every 6 months • Document