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Reunification of China Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties

Reunification of China Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties. After the Han Centuries of disunity 589; Sui, Tang then Song dynasties centralize & revitalize China. II. Sui Dynasty - 589 A. Ruler Wendi reestablished centralized state 1. Repaired Great Wall 2. New conquests

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Reunification of China Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties

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  1. Reunification of ChinaSui, Tang and Song Dynasties

  2. After the Han • Centuries of disunity • 589; Sui, Tang then Song dynasties centralize & revitalize China.

  3. II. Sui Dynasty - 589 • A. Ruler Wendi reestablished centralized state • 1. Repaired Great Wall • 2. New conquests • - Vietnam, Taiwan • 3. Revolts due to high taxes ended Sui dynasty • - Tang dynasty emerged

  4. III. Tang Dynasty – Golden Era of Chinese History • A. Expanded influence • 1. Formed protectorates (defender of) over Tibet, Vietnam, Korea = spread Chinese institutions • 2. Tribute from Japan • - foreign envoys performed Kowtow before the emperor

  5. B. Strengthened Central Gov’t • 1. Empress Wu (one of few female rulers) • Reduced powers of landlords • Removed their tax power; state taxed peasants directly. • Accurate censuses = fair & reliable taxation • C. Civil Service Exam Revived • 1. Stricter • 2. Education counting more than birthright • 3. Aristocrat’s role faded in favor of scholar-bureaucrats Empress Wu – 625-705

  6. D. Extended gov’t functions • 1. Regulate trade • 2. Roads & canals • Grand Canal linking southern rice fields to pop. Centers in the north • 3. Flying Money = early currency • Credit instrument = redeemed at end of voyage • Reduced danger of robbery • Led to paper money

  7. E. Attack on Buddhism • 1. Revival of Confucianism – “Neo-Confucianism” • 2. Buddhism = potentially subversive element • Favored early on; rejected later as alien. • Thousands of shrines, monasteries destroyed. • Remained important minority but… • Period of growth halted • 3. Tang felt right and duty to regulate beliefs of subjects

  8. F. Tang Decline - Late 700’s • 1. Poverty, taxes, nomadic invasions = protest • 2. 906 - civil war • 3. 960 - Song comes to power

  9. IV. Song Dynasty • A. Controlled less land than Tang • 1. North dominated by nomads; • - Jurchens= Jin Dynasty • 2. Control focused on southern regions

  10. B. Economically Dynamic • 1. Tax revenues up; focused on merchants not peasants; revolts down • 2. Domestic (in China) trade increased = tea, cotton • 3. Foreign trade flourished • a. Highly developed manufacturing sector • sophisticated ships/tech.; Junks • 4. Imports limited mostly to raw materials • a. full consumer society does not develop • b. Why? clashed with Confucian ideals against excesses & self-reliance

  11. C. Improved Ag. Productivity & Coal & Iron Output • 1. Quick-growing Champa rice from Vietnam & fertilizers = more harvests & yields • 2. Massive pop. growth; 100 mill. + • 3. Expansion of urban life; Big Cities! - Hangzhou

  12. D. Arts & Culture During Tang and Song • 1. Art, architecture, literature reflected Buddhist, Daoist influence • a. Pagoda introduced • b. Art & lit. reliance on natural subjects • c. Traditional order of Neo-Confucianism combined with love of nature inspired by Daoists & Buddhists

  13. E. Scientific Advancement of Tang and Song • 1. Gov’t-sponsored map making & astronomical observation • a. expanded knowledge of universe

  14. 2. Most significant? • a. Explosive powder • - 1st for fireworks • - Then weaponry: land mines, hand grenades, projectiles

  15. b. Wood-Block printing • - By 10th cent. - books of all types & every classic in print • - paper currency & playing cards followed • c. These techs. spread to West by 15th cent.

  16. F. Neo-Confucianism during Song Era • 1. Revival of Confucian ideology • a. Emphasis on tradition • b. Less receptive to outside ideas; solutions drawn from past • c. Limited long-term innovation • d. Reinforced role of patriarch; submissive/inferior role of women • e. Worsened conditions for women by Later song Era

  17. Foot binding – Song Dynasty to early 20th century

  18. G. Song Dynasty Replaced by Mongols • 1. Yuan Dynasty forms under Kublai Khan • a. China regains control under Ming dynasty

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