Biology and Chance

1. Biology and Chance

2. Importance of Microbiology • Classic Darwinism based on survival of the fittest • Similarities of outward features and embryology • Mechanism of evolution could not be discerned • Neo-Darwinism added mutations • Internal microbiological structures unknown • Mapping of amino acid sequences in proteins, genes, etc ongoing since 1950s

3. Building Blocks of Life

4. Alanine Ala C3H7N02 Arginine Arg C6H14N4O2 Asparagine Asn C4H8N2O3 Aspartic Acid Asp C4H7NO42 Cysteine Cys C3H7SNO2 Glutamic Acid Glu C5H9NO4 Glutamine Gln C5H10N2O3 Glycine Gly C2H5NO2 Histidine His C6H9N3O2 Isoleucine Ile C6H13NO2 Leucine Leu C6H13NO2 Lysine Lys C6H14N2O2 Methionine Met C5H11SNO2 Phenylalanine Phe C9H11NO2 Proline Pro C5H9NO2 Serine Ser C3H7NO3 Threonine Thr C4H9NO3 Tryptophan Trp C11H12N2O2 Tyrosine Tyr C9H11NO3 Valine Val C5H11NO2 Amino Acids Used In Proteins

5. H2N H2N H2N CH CH CH COOH COOH COOH CH2 CH2 CH2 OH Typical Amino Acid Structures CH2 H3C CH3 C side groups O O amino group – H2N acid group – COOH Tyrosine Valine Glutamic Acid

6. C C C N N C N C C C C C C N N Short Section of a Protein Chain O O C CH2 OH O O CH2 CH2 O H H H H H H … … H H CH2 CH2 H CH2 H O O CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 NH3 OH GLUTAMIC ACID TYROSINE LYSINE LEUCINE SERINE

7. The Numbers Game 3 4 5 7 12 13 13 24 80

9. Estimated Probabilities 180 266 650 155,237 37,256,880 50 • If the probability of an event occurring is over 10 , the event will not occur The laws of probability and statistics objectively demonstrate that evolution could not occur

10. Experiment with Large Numbers Assume a VERY slow (and small!!!) snail takes one atom at one side of the universe and travels to the other side of the universe at a speed of 1 inch every 15,000,000,000 years, drops the atom off, and then travels back to the original spot at the same speed and picks up another atom. Assuming all the atoms in the universe are on one side, how many years would it take the snail to transport all the atoms of the universe from one side to the other? 118 Answer: 3 X 10 years!!!! Number of universe transported back and forth to equal the chance of the simplest protein molecule arising naturally is: 61 3 X 10 universes!!

11. Evolutionist Quotes 40,000 “The essence of (the) argument…was that the information content of the higher forms of life is represented by the number 10 - representing the specificity with which 2000 genes, each of which might be chosen from 10 nucleotide sequences of the appropriate length, might be defined…The chance that higher life forms might have emerged in the way is comparable with the chance that ‘a tornado sweeping through a junkyard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the material therein.’” Anonymous, “Hoyle on Evolution”, Nature (November 12, 1981), p. 105 20

12. Evolutionist Quotes “Suppose (a) chain is about two hundred amino acids long; this is, if anything rather less than the average length of proteins of all types. Since we have just twenty possibilities at each place, the number of possibilities is twenty multiplied by itself some two hundred times. This is conveniently written 20 and is approximately equal to 10 , that is a one followed by 260 zeroes.” “…Moreover we have only considered a polypeptide chain of rather modest length. Had we considered longer ones as well, the figure would have been even more immense. The great majority of sequences can never have been synthesized at all, at any time.” “An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have had to have been satisfied to get it going.” Crick, Frances, Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981), p. 51-52, 88. 200 260

13. Evolutionist Quotes “Why then does the scientific theory of evolution hold on to the concept of chance to the degree it does? I suspect it is the fact that there is no alternative whatsoever which could explain that fact of universal evolution, at least in principle, and be formulated with the framework of natural sciences. If no alternative should be forthcoming, if chance remains overtaxed, then the conclusion seems inevitable that evolution and therefore living beings cannot be grasped by natural science to the same extent as non-living things—not because organisms are so complex, but because that explaining mechanism is fundamentally inadequate.” Erbrich, Paul. “On the Probability of the Emergence of a Protein with a Particular Function,” Acta Biotherotica, vol. 34 (1985), p. 77.

14. Evolutionist Quotes 50 “At all events, anyone with even a nodding acquaintance with the Rubik cube will concede the near-impossibility of a solution being obtained by a blind person moving the faces at random*. Now imagine 10 blind persons each with a scrambled Rubik cube, and try to conceive of the chance of them all simultaneously arriving at the solved form. You than have the chance of arriving by random shuffling of just one of the many biopolymers on which life depends. The notion that not one the biopolymers but the operating programme of a living cell could be arrived at by chance in the primordial organic soup here on the Earth is evidently nonsense of a high order. Life must plainly be a cosmic phenomenon.” Hoyle, Sir Fred, “The Big Bang in Astronomy,” New Scientist, vol. 92 (November 19, 1981), p. 527. *There are 4 X 10 possible scramblings of a Rubik cube. 19

15. Evolutionist Quotes “No matter how large the environment one considers, life cannot have had a random beginning. Troops of monkeys thundering away at random typewriters could not produce the works of Shakespeare, for the practical reason that the whole observable universe is not large enough to contain the necessary monkey hordes, the necessary typewriters, and certainly not the waste paper baskets for the deposition of wrong attempts. The same is true for living material.” Hoyle, Sir Fred and Chandra Wickramasinghe, Evolution from Space (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), p. 148.