Optimal Surgery for Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers

1. Optimal Surgery for Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers Jason Dodge, MD, FRCSC, MEd April 9th, 2010

2. Objectives At the end of this session, participants will be able to… • list the rationales for the surgical management of endometrial and ovarian cancers • recognize the optimal components of surgical staging for both endometrial and ovarian cancers • understand the importance of surgical staging for endometrial and ovarian cancer in determining prognosis and the role(s) for adjuvant therapy • identify the importance of surgical debulking for ovarian cancer

3. OVARIAN CANCER

4. Prototype Case • 52 y.o. G3P3 post-menopausal woman • Healthy, asymptomatic • 7-8 cm pelvic mass on routine exam • U/S – 7.5 cm multiloculated, solid/cystic mass arising within right ovary • CA-125 – 25 • Booked for surgery by community gynaecologist

5. Prototype Case • TAH-BSO through lower transverse incision • Solid/cystic ovarian mass resected intact • No other abnormalities identified in OR note • Final pathology: • Grade 2 serous carcinoma of ovary • Negative uterus and contralateral adnexa

6. What stage is this woman’s ovarian cancer? • 1A • 1B • 1C • 2B • 3C

7. What is the risk this woman has (undetected) metastatic disease? • <1% • 10% • 30% • 50% • 80% Young et al., JAMA, 1983

8. What is the best approach to her management at this point? • Observation • Refer back to local gynaecologist for repeat surgery for optimal surgical staging • Refer to Gynaecologic oncologist for repeat surgery for optimal surgical staging • Adjuvant chemotherapy (Carbo/Taxol IV) • Other

9. Outline • Optimal surgery for ovarian cancer • Diagnosis • Surgical Staging • Debulking • Facilitating optimal treatment

10. Roles of Primary Surgery in Ovarian Cancer • Diagnosis (final) • Staging (SURGICAL, NOT CT!) • Therapy • Palliation of symptoms • Removal of cancer (debulking) • Facilitating optimal adjuvant therapy • Prognosis of individual patient • Risks/benefits of adjuvant therapy

11. Surgery in Ovarian Cancer:Staging Patterns of spread: • Intraperitoneal • Local • Lymphatic • Hematogenous Optimal surgical staging procedure must rule out metastases by all of these routes

12. Surgery in Ovarian Cancer:Staging Components of optimal surgical staging: • Peritoneal washings • Inspection and palpation of abdominal and pelvic organs and peritoneal surfaces • biopsy of all suspicious lesions • BSO (+/- TAH) • Omentectomy • Pelvic & para-aortic lymphadenectomies • Multiple peritoneal biopsies

13. FIGO staging (ovary) • I – confined to ovary/ies • A (single ovary) • B (bilateral ovaries) • C (positive washings, surface disease, ruptured) • II – confined to pelvis • A (fallopian tube or uterine extension) • B (other pelvic metastases) • C (pelvic involvement with +washings or tumour rupture) • III – abdominal/pelvic cavity extension or nodes +ve • A (microscopic only) • B (<2 cm nodule(s)) • C (>2cm nodule(s) or retroperitoneal lymph nodes involved) • IV – positive pleural effusion, parenchymal liver or other distant metastases

14. What stage is this woman’s ovarian cancer? • 1A • 1B • 1C • 2B • 3C ?

15. KEY MESSAGE! What is the risk this woman has (undetected) metastatic disease? • <1% • 10% • 30% • 50% • 80% Young et al., JAMA, 1983

16. Surgery in Ovarian Cancer:Staging “Stage 1” patients who are not optimally staged at surgery have a poorer survival! ACTION trial Trimbos et al., JNCI, 2003

17. Surgery in Ovarian Cancer:Staging No benefit to adjuvant chemoRx in patients who are optimally surgically staged! ACTION trial Trimbos et al., JNCI, 2003

18. Surgery in Ovarian Cancer:Debulking • Optimal debulking of metastatic disease associated with improved survival • Best predictor of survival in patients with advanced stage disease • Delay in definitive surgical debulking may be associated with decreased survival Bristow et al., J Clin Oncol, 2002 Bristow & Chi, Gynecol Oncol, 2006

19. Therapeutic Debulking Bristow et al., JCO, 2002

20. Surgery in Ovarian Cancer:Facilitating Optimal Adjuvant Therapy • “Stage I” • If optimally staged, evidence suggests that chemotherapy may not be useful in improving survival • If not optimally staged, chemotherapy indicated to improve survival rates (because significant number have undiagnosed advanced staged disease) ICON1/ACTION trials Trimbos et al., JNCI, 2003

21. Surgery in Ovarian Cancer:Facilitating Optimal Adjuvant Therapy • Advanced Stage • Chemotherapy demonstrated to improve overall survival • Recent acceptance of intraperitoneal chemotherapy as ideal mode of therapy for women with optimally debulked disease after primary surgery • Optimal debulking <1 cm residual • Insertion of IP catheter at primary surgery Covens et al., CCO Guidelines, 2005 Armstrong et al., NEJM, 2006

22. Surgery in Ovarian Cancer:Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy • Delivery of chemotherapy directly into peritoneal cavity via implanted catheter • Most pronounced survival benefit ever documented in ovarian cancer (17 m) • Only patients optimally debulked at primary surgery are eligible Armstrong et al., NEJM, 2006

23. Current practice in Ontario… • Many ovarian cancer surgery cases in Ontario are not performed optimally • Many women with high pre-operative likelihood of ovarian cancer in Ontario would not be referred to a gynaecologic oncologist prior to surgery Elit et al., JOGC, 2006 Dodge, JOGC, 2007

24. Role of Gyn Oncology Referral • Women with ovarian cancer who have primary surgery performed by a gynaecologic oncologist [at a tertiary centre] have a better outcome (survival) • More likely to be optimally staged • More likely to be optimally debulked • More likely to receive optimal adjuvant therapy Elit et al., JOGC, 2006 Giede et al., Gynecol Oncol., 2005 Le et al., JOGC, 2009

25. Early Stage Ovarian Cancer

26. Advanced Ovarian Cancer

27. “Women with a high likelihood of having ovarian cancer should ideally be referred to a gynaecologic oncologist preoperatively to facilitate optimal surgery for ovarian cancer.” CCO Quality Indicators - Gagliardi et al., Gynecol Oncol, 2006 SOGC Guidelines – Le et al., JOGC, 2009 SGO Referral Guidelines, Gynecol Oncol, 2000 ACOG Committee Opinion #280, December, 2002

28. ENDOMETRIAL CANCER

29. Prototype Case • 61 y.o. G0P0 post-menopausal woman • Healthy, bleeding x few weeks • No abnormality detected on routine exam • Endometrial biopsy reveals grade 3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma of uterus • Booked for surgery by community gynaecologist

30. Prototype Case • TAH-BSO through lower transverse incision • No other abnormalities identified in OR note • Final pathology: • Serous carcinoma of uterus • No myometrial invasion, no LVSI/CLS • Negative cervix and adnexa

31. What is the risk this woman has (undetected) metastatic disease? • <1% • 10% • 25% • 50% • 80%

32. What is the next best step in her management? • Observation • Refer to Gynaecologic oncologist for repeat surgery for optimal surgical staging • Adjuvant chemotherapy (Carbo/Taxol IV) • Adjuvant radiotherapy • Other

33. Roles of Primary Surgery in Endometrial Cancer • Diagnosis (final) • Staging (SURGICAL, NOT CT!) • Therapy • Palliation of symptoms • Removal of cancer (debulking) • Facilitating optimal adjuvant therapy • Prognosis of individual patient • Risks/benefits of adjuvant therapy

34. Surgery in Endometrial Cancer:Staging Patterns of spread: • Local • Lymphatic • Intraperitoneal • Hematogenous Optimal surgical staging procedure must rule out metastases by all of these routes

35. Surgery in Endometrial Cancer:Staging Components of optimal surgical staging: • Peritoneal washings • Inspection and palpation of abdominal and pelvic organs and peritoneal surfaces • biopsy of all suspicious lesions • BSO (+/- TH) • “extended” surgical staging • Omentectomy and peritoneal biopsies • Pelvic & para-aortic lymphadenectomies

36. Staging for Endometrial Carcinoma FIGO 1971 Clinical Staging FIGO 1988 Surgical Staging GOG 33, 1987

37. Surgical staging: Findings GOG 33 (n=621) – “clinical stage I” • exploratory laparotomy, TAH-BSO, pelvic & para-aortic nodes, peritoneal washings • positive peritoneal washings 12% • positive adnexa 5% • positive pelvic nodes 9% • positive aortic nodes 6% • intraperitoneal disease 6% • 22% ADVANCED STAGE DISEASE

38. Pelvic lymph node metastases GOG 33, 1987

39. Para-aortic lymph node metastases GOG 33, 1987

40. 2009 FIGO staging (endometrium)

41. Benefits of Pelvic Lymphadenectomy • Documentation of true nodal status (prognostic) • usually only microscopic involvement (~90%) • worse prognosis when +ve (50-70% 5-yr OS with Rx) Randall, 2006 Muggia, 2007

42. Benefits of Pelvic Lymphadenectomy • Therapeutic value • Benefit from chemotherapy +/- RRx if nodes involved • Avoidance of whole pelvic RRx if staging negative • ? Independent survival benefit Randall, 2006 Muggia, 2007 PORTEC, EN-5, MRC, GOG 99, NRH MRC, Italian trial vs. Kilgore, Fanning, Orr,

43. Para-aortic lymphadenectomy • Higher potential for morbidity • Prolonged operative time • Most cases (98%) can be predicted based on: • +ve pelvic nodes, OR • +ve adnexa, OR • +ve cervix • Potential benefit small GOG 33, 1987 Faught, 1994

44. GOG LAP-2,2006 What are the risks? • Improved with training (Gyn Onc) • These risks not solely due to nodes • Much of this risk related to para-aortic node dissection • Much improved with laparoscopy (Lap-2)

45. Perspective from Other Pelvic Cancers • Adjuvant chemotherapy proven survival benefit in node-positive colorectal cancer  mesorectal excision (node dissection) • Adjuvant chemotherapy proven survival benefit in node-positive cervical cancer • Risk of pelvic node metastases in cervical cancer managed surgically at PMH: 5%

46. Current Use of Lymphadenectomyfor Endometrial Cancer in Toronto • NOT ROUTINE • SELECTIVE SAMPLING (suspicious nodes) • STAGING (not completely uniform) • Grade 2,3 endometrioid • Stage IC (with >50% myometrial invasion) • High risk histologic subtype without obvious extra-uterine disease

47. KEY MESSAGE! What is the risk this woman has (undetected) metastatic disease? • <1% • 10% • 30% • 50% • 80%

48. “Every woman with (endometrial) cancer deserves individualized management that maximizes her prognosis and minimizes her morbidity.” • “Documentation of disease extent via surgical staging allows optimal tailoring of adjuvant therapy to an individual patient’s risks.”