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Macromolecules: Large Carbon Compounds

Understand the differences between organic and inorganic compounds, the synthesis of large carbon molecules, and the breakdown of macromolecules. Explore the structure and function of carbohydrates in living organisms and learn about condensation and hydrolysis reactions in organic chemistry.

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Macromolecules: Large Carbon Compounds

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  1. Macromolecules: Large Carbon Compounds Introduction and Carbohydrates

  2. Objectives • Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds • Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down

  3. Organic vs inorganic • All living organisms are composed primarily of carbon atoms • Organic compounds = contain Carbon • Inorganic compounds = do not contain Carbon

  4. Carbon bonding • Carbon can form large complex molecules • Readily bonds with other carbon atoms to form • Straight chains • Branched chains • rings

  5. Macromolecules • Large compounds of multiple smaller molecules of carbon are called Macromolecules • Monomers: small, simple molecules of carbon • Polymers: a large molecule that consists of repeated, linked units • Monomers link together to form polymers • There are many types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

  6. Chemical reactions • Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis: • Monomers link to form polymers • Hydrolysis: • Polymers are broken down into their monomer parts

  7. CHAPTER 3The Structure and Function of Macromolecules “You are what you eat!”

  8. Objectives • Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. • Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules

  9. Shoulder Partners

  10. What is a MACROmolecule? • A Large molecule with a complex structure • A polymer built from monomers Macromolecule “little” molecule

  11. Mono - mer • The “building blocks” of polymers • A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer. One Part

  12. Poly - mer • A long molecule made of monomers bonded together Many Parts

  13. Three of life’s organic macromolecules are polymers • Carbohydrate • Proteins • Nucleic acids

  14. Polar Bears • Explain to your penguins the connection between a monomer and a polymer

  15. EXAMPLES

  16. Penguins • Explain to your partner how these Lego structures are like Polymers

  17. How are Polymers made? • How do monomers bind to form polymers? • condensation reactions called dehydration synthesis (removal of water)

  18. How do polymers break down? • Hydrolysisreaction • Hydro – lysis • Water is added to break the bonds that hold the polymer together. To Break Water

  19. Hydrolysis

  20. Think – Pair – Share Together Why would polymers need to be “broken down”?

  21. Classes of Organic Macromolecules: • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

  22. CARBOHYDRATES

  23. Carbo - hydrate Carbon • Monomer • Monosaccharide • (“mono” = one; “saccharide” = sugar) • Polymers • Disaccharides (di = two) • Polysaccharides (poly = many) Water CH2O

  24. Polar Bears Tell your penguin some functions of carbohydrates

  25. Functions of Carbohydrates in living things: • Major fuel/energy source • Energy storage • Can be used as raw materials for other Macromolecules • Structural/building material in plants

  26. Structure of Monosaccharides • Contain only C, H, O • All have the molecular formula - (CH2O)n

  27. In aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form rings:

  28. Structure of Disaccharides • Consists of two monosaccharides • The monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic linkage (bond)

  29. Polar Bears • What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage (bond) between the monosaccharides to become a disaccharide? • Dehydration synthesis

  30. Build a Carbohydrate • Create a disaccharide sugar. Glucose Glucose

  31. Penguins • Tell your polar bear how to make a dissacharide into a trisaccharide. H20 H20

  32. Polar Bears • Tell your penguin how to break down a dissacharide.

  33. Polysaccharides • Structure: Polymers of a few hundred or a few thousand monosaccharides. • Functions: • energy storage molecules • structural support

  34. Examples of Carbs:

  35. Starch - plant storage form for energy • easily broken down into glucose units

  36. Cellulose - fiber-like structural material made of glucose monomers • used in plant cell walls

  37. Why is Cellulose so strong? • Glucose monomers are flipped to expose equal Hydroxyl groups on either side of the chain • When Cellulose chains are lined up next to each other, they Hydrogen Bond making a strong material that’s difficult to break!

  38. Glycogen is the animal short-term storage form of energy • Glucose monomers

  39. Penguins • What reaction breaks the glycosidic linkage (bond) between the glucose molecules in glycogen so the monomers can be used for fuel? • Hydrolysis

  40. Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell walls.

  41. Draw a Carbohydrate • Draw a polysaccharide sugar. • Be sure to draw water molecules leaving the bond to represent condensation reaction.

  42. Standards • Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. • Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules Objectives

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