Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 Constitutional Democracy: Promoting Liberty and Self-Government

2. 2-2 Fisher Ames The people must be governed by a majority, with whom all power resides. But how is the sense of this majority to be obtained?

3. 2-3 Introduction • Liberty • Limited Government • Self-Government

4. 2-4 Before the Constitution • “The Rights of Englishmen” • French and Indian War • Stamp Tax • Townshend Act • Boston Tea Party • First Continental Congress

5. 2-5 Before the Constitution • The Declaration of Independence • Locke: inalienable rights • Jefferson: paraphrased Locke • Call to revolution–not a framework of government • Liberty, equality, individual rights, self-government, lawful powers

6. 2-6 Before the Constitution • The Articles of Confederation • Writers were leery of a powerful central government • Each state retained its “sovereignty, freedom, and independence” • Congress to provide for national defense but no power to do so • Congress was not allowed to interfere with states’ commerce

7. 2-7 Before the Constitution • Shay’s Rebellion • Late 1786 in Massachusetts, mostly farmers • Farmers faced loss of property and new taxes on farms • Congress and the army were weak and action was needed as anarchy was feared • Annapolis meeting did not achieve any results

8. 2-8 Negotiating Toward a Constitution • The Great Compromise: A Two-Chamber Congress • The Virginia Plan • The New Jersey Plan • The Great Compromise

9. 2-9 Negotiating Toward a Constitution • The North-South Compromise: The Issue of Slavery • North-South Compromise on economic issues • No taxing exports, but allowed taxing imports • Three-Fifths Compromise • Applied to both taxation and representation

10. 2-10 Negotiating Toward a Constitution • A Strategy for Ratification • Would others share the writer’s views? • Designed a new ratification process • The Ratification Debate • Anti-Federalists • Federalists

11. 2-11 Negotiating Toward a Constitution • The Framers’ Goals • Stronger national government • Preserve states as viable governments • Preserve liberties through checks and balances on power • Based on popular sovereignty • Restricted in uses of power • Give the people a voice in government

12. 2-12 Protecting Liberty • Grants and Denials of Power • Grants of power • Article I, Section 8 for powers of Congress • Denials of power • Writs of habeas corpus • Ex post facto laws • Difficult to amend

13. 2-13 Protecting Liberty • Using Power to Offset Power • Separation of powers • Federalist #10 • “Mischiefs of faction” • Separated Institutions Sharing Power • Checks and Balances • Shared Legislative Powers • Shared Executive Powers • Shared Judicial Powers

14. 2-14 Protecting Liberty • The Bill of Rights • Existed in many state constitutions • Jefferson argued for a federal constitution • Judicial Review • Marbury v. Madison(1803) • Precedent for court interpretation of the constitution

15. 2-15 Providing for Self-Government • Democracy Versus Republic • Democracy • Republic • Representative Democracy • Trustees

16. 2-16 Providing for Self-Government • Limited Popular Rule • House of Representatives–direct popular election • Senators–appointed by legislatures • Presidents–elected by Electoral College • Judges–nominated by President and confirmed by the Senate

17. 2-17 Providing for Self-Government • Altering the Constitution • Jeffersonian Democracy: A Revolution of the Spirit • Jacksonian Democracy: Linking the People and the Presidency • The Progressives: Senate and Primary Elections • Delegates • Primary Elections

18. 2-18 States in the Nation

19. 2-19 States in the Nation